"Axial Age" Karla Yaspersa

Mune Uzivi munhau, pfungwa "axial zera" akazviratidza kuonga anofunga Karl Jaspers. Ongorora mberi munzanga yevanhu, kushamisika chitarisiko uye rufu mararamiro ekare anozivikanwa historiosophy akaedza kuona izvo chamuita kuti budiriro ano uye mafungiro evanhu. Somugumisiro, akasvika yokuti paiva nguva (urwo rwakatora makore anenge matanhatu), izvo zvinogona kunzi akabatana nhoroondo yenyika.

Jaspers vaidavira kuti danho iri kubvira worusere remakore rechipiri BC. Nei asina emakore munguva yedu yokutanga semupi pokutangira, nokuti hurongwa pachayo muronga akagamuchira munyika dzokuMadokero, inobva musi Kuberekwa kwaKristu? Jaspers anoti kuti Axial Age - ari muchikwata inoshanda, risingagoni yakasungirirwa chero chitendero, kunyange nyika. Imwe nyaya yokutenda hazvifaniri koshesa chokuratidza kuti empirical kunzwisisa nhoroondo yevanhu. A chisikwa kuti ariko uye "kuguma nguva", sezvinorondedzerwa Mubhuku raGenesi uye Apocalypse, kunyange mutendi wechiKristu anotsaura mukati zvinoreva Panyanzvi nhoroondo vanhu.

Pamberi axial zera rasvika, vanhu vanozivikanwa maviri anokosha chekawo munhau yacho. Chokutanga - ndiro kwaita zvakajeka pakutaura, zvichiita maturusi kukwanisa kushandisa moto. The cut rechipiri - zviri V- III Millennium BC, kana yakanaka okunze uye vari pandima nzizi huru pane mararamiro ekare yeEgipita, Bhabhironi, Asiria, China, India. Panguva ino, pane zvakanyorwa, hurumende akasika rengano maturakiti echitendero, pane zvokutengeserana, uye, naizvozvo, mumwe kudhumhana uye interpenetration netsika. The umambo yekare pave nhoroondo yenyika akabatana.

Mumakore 700 kubva BC anogadza pacharo "Axial Age." Zviri kunyanya kuoneka IV remakore BC. Chikamu ichi Jaspers anodana "pakunamata chinokosha vanhu." Chinenge mumitauro miviri China kurarama uye basa, Lao Tzu, Confucius nevamwe vanofunga huru asike nheyo chiConfucian, chiTao, pamurairo uye moizma. In India ndizvo yayo Benares mharidzo Buddha, akanyorwa Upanishads. Zarathustra anodzidzisa pamusoro hondo pakati pezvakanaka nezvakaipa Iran. MuPalestine, nguva iyi pakataurwa veMubatanidzwa muprofita Isaya, uye Elijah Ierimii. MuGreece, pane zvose kwouzivi dzinoitwa - pfuma uye kusava nechokwadi kuti sophistry zvikuru nesayenzi. Ipapo akagara Socrates, Aristotle uye Plato, Heraclitus uye Parmenides.

Iyi nguva axial, maererano Jaspers, - anokosha munhoroondo vanhu. Just ipapo paiva nomusiyano chijana, izvo akasika murume ano, maitiro ake, individualism uye rationality. The munzvimbo dzokuzororera dzaiva kunze micheto pamusoro kumigumo siyana pamusoro Eurasia, asi panenge panguva imwe chete, vanhu kukosha wacho uye munhu wacho pachake asingabatsiri ari chiso soulless kwezvakatipoteredza. Anoda kuti transcendental, chokuti "munyika", kukanganiswa nemafungiro vanhu kupfuura chakatangwa gejo uye mvura chigayo.

Axial Age wakasika nheyo zvose zviripo nyika zvitendero. «Nguva Mercy» muchiKristu kwakaitika mazana maviri gare gare, asi morale vanhu yakagadzirira kugamuchira dzidziso muMharidzo. Buddha akararama muzana remakore rechina BC, asi akasiyana kupararira chiBuddha sezvo zvakaitika Mumazana emakore akazotevera. Maererano Jaspers, yazvino nguva yava kutanga uye pakupedza pfungwa iyo nheyo dzakaiswa panguva yakaoma zvikuru nguva. Musoro, nzira cognition kwenyika, uzivi mafungiro murume akanga hazvishamisi mukuwirirana nguva yedu.