Wemagariro evanhu - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza vanhu, nokushanda kwayo uye kubudirira

Shoko "evanhu" rinobva muchiLatin "societas" (vanhu) uye rechiGiriki rokuti "hoyos" (Kudzidzisa). Kubva izvi anotevera kuti evanhu - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza nzanga. Tinopa iwe tinyatsoziva ichi chinofadza munda kudzidza.

Muchidimbu pamusoro pokumuka wemagariro evanhu

Humanity mumatanho zvose nhoroondo yacho, vachiedza kuti pfungwa vanhu. nevafungi Vakawanda kare akataura nezvazvo (Aristotle, Plato). Zvisinei, shoko rokuti "evanhu" iri yesayenzi chimurenga wakatangwa chete 30s remakore rechi19. Wakatangwa Ogyust Kont, muzivi wokuFrance. Wemagariro evanhu sezvo yakazvimirira sayenzi vachishingaira kuumbwa muEurope muzana remakore rechi19. Most kuzviita ayo kukura aisanganisira masayendisiti, achinyora German, French uye Chirungu.

Muvambi wemagariro evanhu uye mupiro wake sayenzi

Ogyust Kont - murume, nokuda iyo paiva chidzoke wemagariro evanhu ari sainzi. Makore oupenyu nayo - 1798-1857. Yaiva nguva yokutanga akataura kudiwa govera nayo ari oga kuranga uye kuti ndiratidze kudiwa. Saka pakanga evanhu. Muchidimbu kutsanangura mupiro musayendisiti, tinoona kuti Ndiyewo kutanga tatsanangura nzira ayo uye nenyaya. Ogyust Kont ndiye muvambi wesangano positivism dzidziso. Maererano nepfungwa iyi, zvinokosha kudzidza siyana evanhu mananara kumisa umbowo, chakafanana munhu ane sayenzi yepanyama. Comte aidavira kuti evanhu - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza muvanhu chete kuvimba zvesayenzi, iyo unogona kuwana empirical mashoko. Izvi Somuenzaniso, nzira pakuongorora, nhoroondo uye kuenzaniswa kuongorora chokwadi chemamiriro kuedza, nzira yokushandisa nhamba uye nezvimwe.

The chidzoke wemagariro evanhu akabatanidzwa basa rinokosha pakudzidza munzanga. Auguste Comte zvinganaka masayendisiti nzira yokunzwisisa ayo kumushora dzokufungidzira nharo pamusoro payo, izvo panguva iyoyo akapa metaphysics. Maererano nenhungamiro kwouzivi chokwadi yaanogara, mumwe nomumwe wedu ari kufungidzira kwedu. Pashure Comte zvinganaka masayendisiti nzira, evanhu nheyo dzakaiswa. Akatanga kuva ive empirical nesayenzi.

Redefining zviri nyaya

Kusvikira pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19 maonero payo, sezvo dzakafanana evanhu sainzi, iye nezvaiva madenderedzwa zvesayenzi. Zvisinei, ongororo ichiitwa rechi19 - kwezana remakore rechi20, evanhu dzidziso yambokurukurwa mberi. It akatanga dzinounzwa, pamwechete zvemitemo, wevanotungamirira, zveupfumi uye zvimwe zvinhu uye magariro. Panyaya iyi, nyaya mubereko kwatiri, sayenzi kwave zvishoma nezvishoma kuchinja ayo kugutsikana. Akatanga kuderedzwa kuti adzidze evanhu kukura, ayo mumagariro divi.

The mupiro Emilya Dyurkgeyma

musayendisiti wokutanga uyo kunotsanangurwa sayenzi iyi ive yakananga, vakasiyana sayenzi magariro, aiva muzivi wokuFrance Emil Dyurkgeym (Makore oupenyu - 1858-1917). Yakanga nekuvongwa iye evanhu kurega pakunzi akafanana ne munzanga chirango nesayenzi. Akava yakazvimirira, akasimuka nezvimwe sayenzi evanhu.

The vachembera wemagariro evanhu muRussia

Kunyatsogona evanhu dzakaiswa munyika yedu pashure muna May 1918 chisarudzo pamusoro CPC. Zvakataurwa kuti kutsvakurudza munharaunda imwe huru mabasa nesayenzi weSoviet. MuRussia, nokuti chinangwa ichi sociobiological Institute rakaumbwa. In St. Petersburg University mugore iroro payo akasika zvokutanga Russian Sociological dhipatimendi, inotungamirwa Pitirim Sorokin.

Mukuita okukura zvesayenzi ichi, vose nezvipfuwo uye vatorwa, sarudza 2 nhanho: makro uye microsociological.

Macro- uye microsociology

Macrosociology - kudzidza evanhu hurongwa: edzidzo masangano, magariro, enyika, mhuri, upfumi tichitarisa muukama hwavo uye inoshanda. Sezvo chikamu nzira ichi tiri vanhu vakadzidza vari munyaya mumagariro hurongwa.

Pachiyero nesungano pakati microsociology vanhu. The chikuru chinyorwa chacho ndechokuti, kuti mananara iri muvanhu anogona kunzwisiswa nokuongorora wacho uye vavariro dzake, zviito, nemaitiro, tsika kuti kuona kubata nevamwe. mamiriro Izvi zvinobvumira kuti kutaridzwa nyaya nesayenzi sezvo kudzidza kwenzanga uye ayo mumagariro masangano.

Lenin kusvika Marxist-

The Marxist-Leninist pfungwa kwakamuka yakasiyana kusvika kunzwisisa chirango chinokunakidza nesu. Wemagariro evanhu Model pane-Tiered matatu: empirical ongororo, inokosha dzidziso uye nhoroondo pfuma. Izvi inozivikanwa nechido kupinda sayenzi Marxism nemaonero mamiriro, kusika kubatana pakati nhoroondo pfuma (evanhu uzivi) uye yakananga Sociological mananara. Nyaya chirango ichi nyaya rava kwouzivi dzidziso evanhu kukura. Ndiko, evanhu uye uzivi tiri chimwe chinhu. Zviri pachena kuti ichi ndicho chakaipa nzvimbo. Izvi zvave oga ari evanhu pamusoro Marxism kubva nyika muitiro okukura zivo pamusoro vanhu.

Tiri kuziva nesayenzi haagoni airarama evanhu uzivi, sezvo rutivi ayo nzira kunooneka pacharo mune dzimwe pfungwa uye mhando, correlated pamwe verifiable empirical chokwadi. Chokutanga, zvakakurumbira rive sayenzi kukwanisa kubata huripo munzanga evanhu masangano, ukama uye nemasangano sezvo kudzidzwa vachibatsirwa empirical mashoko.

Nzira dzimwe sayenzi mu evanhu

Cherechedza kuti Comte akataura 2 zvinoitwa nesayenzi ichi:

1) kukosha kushandisa kuti kudzidza vanhu zvesayenzi;

2) kushandiswa mashoko vakawana uchidzidzira.

Wemagariro evanhu ari kuongorora vanhu anoshandisa nzira sayenzi nevamwe. Saka, kushandiswa wevanotungamirira nzira inoita kudzidza vemo uye basa kwevanhu chokuita nayo. Psychological anotsanangurawo maitiro evanhu vachishandisa evanhu mafungiro uye zvinangwa. Group, kana obschnostny nzira ndeyokudzidza seboka maitiro nemapoka, nharaunda uye masangano. Cultural Zvidzidzo maitiro evanhu kuburikidza evanhu tsika, mitemo, dzemunharaunda.

Wemagariro evanhu mamiriro zvino chinoita kuti rine muzvizhinji kuti dzidziso uye pfungwa chokuita kudzidza chaizvo nyaya yeminda: chitendero, mukukurukurirana mhuri, vanhu, tsika, uye vamwe.

Anosvika macrosociology pamwero

Mukunzwisisa nzanga hurongwa, kureva macrosociological pamwero, tinogona kusiyanisa nzira huru mbiri. Zviri pamusoro troubleshooting, dzichipfekeka.

functionalism

First dzichipfekeka pfungwa yakabuda muzana remakore rechi19. Pfungwa nzira zvaiva kuna Herbert Spencer (yaifananidzira pamusoro), kuti enzanisa nzanga yevanhu mupenyu muviri. Kufanana naye, inoitwa zvikamu zvizhinji -. Political, zvoupfumi, mauto, zvokurapa, etc. Mukuwedzera, mumwe nomumwe wavo ane chairo basa. Wemagariro evanhu ane ayo dambudziko chairo pachake chokuita nokudzidza mabasa aya. Nenzira, zita dzidziso (functionalism) kubva pano.

Emil Dyurkgeym zvinganaka uwane pfungwa iri nzira iyi. It vakaramba kuva R. Merton, T. Parsons. Pfungwa inokosha functionalism zvinotevera: vanhu zvinonzwisiswa sezvo kwegadziriro revatema zvikamu, umo mune zvigadziriswe iyo anoramba takatsiga kwayo. Mukuwedzera, kudiwa shanduka transformations munzanga. Kugadzikana Its uye kuvimbika yakaumbwa pahwaro zvose izvi unhu.

Pfungwa kurwisana

Sezvo dzichipfekeka dzidziso (nevamwe Reservations) inogona sechinoitika Marxism. Zvisinei, izvozvo anoongororwa mu Western evanhu nemamwe maonero. Sezvo Marx (mufananidzo wake anoratidzwa pamusoro) kwainyanya okukura ari vanhu vaiona Kurwisana zvidzidzo uye kuitiswa pamusoro maererano ichi, pfungwa yacho inoshanda uye kukura wakadaro nzira iri kumadokero evanhu ane zita rinokosha - kunetsana dzidziso. Kubva pfungwa nemaonero Marx, mukirasi kupesana wayo mhinduro - kufambisa simba kare. Kubva izvi vakatevera kudiwa nokubatanidzwazve vanhu kuburikidza chimurenga.

Pakati vatsigiri tinosvika kuna munzanga tichitarisa makakatanwa zvinogona kucherechedzwa masayendisiti German akadai R. Dahrendorf uye Georg Simmel. Ekupedzisira vaiona kuti mukurwisana muka kubva kuvapo mupfungwa vavengwe, iro yakawedzera kana pane kurwisana pakati zvido. Dahrendorf akapikisa kuti kwavo kwainyanya - simba zvimwe pamusoro pevamwe. Pakati simba uye kuva nahwo uye vasina kusawirirana.

Anosvika microsociology pamwero

Wechipiri sandara, microsociological, munyika dzinonzi dzakabudirira dzidziso interaktsionalizma (shoko "kudyidzana" rinoreva "kuita"). Basa rinokosha racho kukura wakapata Charles H. Cooley, William James, John. G. Meade, John. Dewey, H. Garfinkel. Avo akakurukura interactionist pfungwa, vaidavira kuti kudyidzana pakati vanhu kunogona kunzwisiswa kushandisa chikamu nemibayiro Varange - pashure peizvi zvose ndicho chinoratidza maitiro evanhu.

Basa dzidziso ane kanoda microsociology. Chii chakaitika nzvimbo iyi? Wemagariro evanhu - sayenzi, umo mabasa ose dzidziso yakataurwa nyanzvi dzakadai R. K. Merton, Ya L. Moreno, R. Linton.. Kubva pfungwa nemaonero muitiro uyu, magariro nyika - a richikurukura evanhu statuses (zvinzvimbo) chokuita nomumwe. Ivo vanotsanangura maitiro evanhu.

Base kupatsanura, ari coexistence kuti dzidziso uye zvikoro

Scientific evanhu, kuongorora pezvakaitwa kuitika munharaunda, classifies nayo nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana. Somuenzaniso, nokudzidza nzendo dzacho kukura sezvikonzero tinogona kutora kukura zvemichina uye zvibereko mauto (J. Galbraith). In tsika Marxism iri hwaro kupatsanura - pfungwa nokuumbwa. Society anogona Classified maererano chikuru mutauro, chitendero, uye vamwe. Zvinoreva chero weboka akadaro anodiwa kunzwisisa kuti iri nguva yedu.

Modern evanhu inovakwa zvokuti aripo akaenzana siyana dzidziso uye zvikoro. Nemamwe mashoko, pfungwa zvakasikwa dzidziso iri kurambwa. Masayendisiti atanga kusvika pakugumisa kuti nzira utsinye sayenzi iyi imomo. Zvisinei, unhu hwavo kunoenderana adequacy ari kuratidzwa kwemasayendisiti kuitika munzanga. Zvinoreva nzira idzi iri ndechokuti Chiitiko pacharo, uye kwete rudzi zvikonzero zvayo, vakapiwa mukuru kukosha.

upfumi evanhu

mutsetse uyu kutsvakurudza vanhu, iyo inosanganisira kuongorora nemaonero evanhu dzidziso upfumi basa. Vamiririri ayo Weber, Marx, Sombart, Schumpeter nevamwe Economic evanhu -. Chinhu nesayenzi kuti vanodzidza akaisawo paruzhinji socio-zvoupfumi kwendangariro. Vanogona chokuita nehurumende kana misika, uye vanhu kana nemhuri. Saka, nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kuti mashoko kuunganidza pachisara kusanganisira Sociological. Economic wemagariro evanhu ari gadziriro iri positivist nzira, akanzwisisa sezvo sayenzi kuti vanodzidza maitiro chero huru munzanga mapoka. Muchiitiko chino, hazvisi kufarira chero mhando unhu, uye chokuita nokushandiswa uye kutambira mari uye zvimwe zvinhu.

Wemagariro evanhu Institute (Russian Academy of Sciences)

Nhasi muRussia pane urongwa inokosha, kureva Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute ichi wemagariro evanhu. chinangwa chake chikuru - Implementation wose tsvakurudzo mumunda nezvemagariro evanhu, uyewo vakashandisa tsvakurudzo munharaunda iyi. The Institute rakaumbwa muna 1968. Kubva panguva ino zviri kuitwa mukuru wenyika yedu mumunda iyi ruzivo akadai evanhu. Research zviri zvikuru. Kubvira 2010, iye anobudisa "Bulletin of Institute wemagariro evanhu" - nesayenzi e-magazini. Uwandu vashandi vanhu vanenge 400, uyo dzinenge 300 tsvakurudzo vashandi. Vakaperekedza misangano siyana, Misangano, kuverenga.

Mukuwedzera, Dhipatimendi wemagariro evanhu GAUGN anoshanda pahwaro tsika iyi. Kunyange zvazvo dhipatimendi ichi akanyoresa chete anenge 20 vadzidzi pagore, zvakakodzera kufungisisa vaya vakasarudzwa achitungamirirwa "evanhu".