Nheyo dzechikwereti uye maitiro avo

Mafomu emarikiti ndiwo marudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvikwereti, urongwa hwei hunoitwa maererano nezvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha. Imwe yenzira yekuongorora ndiyo mari yekubhadhara chikwereti, iyo iyo zvikwereti zvinogona kugoverwa kuva mhando mitatu: mari, zvinhu, zvakasanganiswa. Sezvo vatengesi vokutanga munhau vaive vachitaura nezvakawanda zvakanyanya zvezvinhu zvekutengesa, zvikwereti zvakatanga kubudiswa mumhando yezvinhu zvakagadzirwa mumhando. Nechikwereti chemari, mutero wacho zvishoma nezvishoma akabhadhara mari yezvinhu zvakakweretwa nemari, uye pashure pekubhadhara zvakakwana vakava pfuma yake.

Munyika dzichiri kusimukira, maitiro akasiyana-siyana echikwereti anowanzoshandiswa iye zvino, ane chikwereti chinowanzobudiswa mumari, uye inobhadhara nokupa zvinhu zvechiyero ichi, tichifunga nezvechibereko chakakosha nokuda kwekushandisa mari yakweretwa. Zvisinei, muhupfumi hwakasimudzika, mhando dzakadai dzezvikwereti zvave nguva refu dzakambova chinhu chekare, uye dzakatsiviwa nechikwereti uye hukama hwemari. Tichifunga nezvemhando dzechikwereti, zvinokwanisika kusina chikwereti cheklasiki chisina kutakura unhu hwehutano nehukama hwehupfumi. Nezvikwereti zvakadaro, anenge akwereta anopiwa chete mari yakasununguka, iyo yaakatenga zvinhu zvakakodzera, pfuma, zvigadziriswa, kutakura, zvigadzirwa.

Chikwereti chemari

Maitiro emazuva ano echikwereti uye maitiro avo anonyanyobatanidzwa nechinangwa chokuwana chikwereti, uye pamwe nechocho chikamu chinopa chikwereti. Kana kutengeserana kwakadaro hakurevi mabhengi uye zvivako zvezvemari, asi masangano ekutengeserana, manotsi ezvinyorwa anoshandiswa kakawanda kuti agadzire mutengesi. Chikwereti chakadai chinonzi kutengeserana kana kutengeserana, uye chinangwa chikuru chekushandisa rudzi urwu rwechikwereti ndicho chido chemapato kune mutengesi kuti kuwedzere kushandiswa kwekutengesa zvinhu uye nokukurumidza kuita purofiti. Iye zvino munyika dzakabudirira, panzvimbo yebhadharo, chibvumirano chepakati pakati pemutengi uye mutengesi inowanzoshandiswa, apo mutero wekubhadhara kwezvinhu zvakatengeswa unorongedzwa zvakajeka.

State credit

Izvo zvikwereti sechikwata chehurumende chinosanganisira kubatanidzwa kwevamiririri vezviremera mukutengeserana, uye panzvimbo pekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu voga kana masangano emutemo, mari kubva kubhadharo inopiwa sechikwereti. Sokutonga, mari inotamirwa kuburikidza neCentral Bank, kana kuburikidza nemabhizimisi ezvokutengeserana, kana hurumende yenyika ichikwezva mari kubva kune dzimwe hurumende kuti ibhadharire.

International credit

Kana uyo anenge akwereta uye ane chikwereti ari vagari vematunhu akasiyana-siyana, ipapo hukama hwekwereti hunomuka pakati pavo hunotora maitiro edzikwereti kumarudzi ose. Mamiriro ezvinhu apo mapato ekutengeserana aya ari IMF uye vamiririri vehurumende yenyika kubhadhara mari, chikwereti chinopiwa chete nemari, uye mune imwe yenyika inowanikwa pasi rose mari. Kana kutengeserana pakati pevagari venyika dzakasiyana-siyana, chinangwa chekuita basa rekushanda kunze kwenyika, chikwereti chinowanzogoverwa mune fomu yemari, uye iyo inowanzobatwa nemari yezvokutengeserana kune mutengesi.

Mari yechikwata

Iye zvino, maitiro ehurumende echikwereti anoshandiswa kakawanda, ivo vanoshuva uye vanopatsanurwa kuva zvikwereti uye zvikwereti zvevatengi. Pakutanga kwechikwereti, nyaya dzekutengeserana mabhengi uye masangano epamutemo, uye mari inogamuchirwa nemunhu ane chikwereti inoshandiswa pakudzorerwa kwezvinhu zvakasarudzwa uye kushanda kwemari. Zvikwereti zvevatengi zvakagadzirwa kune vagari vanoda kuchatenga chigadzirwa chavo kana kugadzirisa matambudziko avo emari kwenguva pfupi. Kazhinji, zvikwereti zvakadaro zvinogona kubudiswa mumari kana bhangi rega roga rinoendesa mari kune imwe sangano rebhizimisi umo uyo akakwereta anotenga zvinhu zvekutengesa.