Herbert Spencer: Biography uye pfungwa dzinokosha. muzivi Chirungu uye nyanzvi ava kunopera XIX remakore,

Herbert Spencer (Makore oupenyu - 1820-1903) - muzivi wokuEngland, mumiriri chikuru chichaitwa rinoparadzirwa muna 2nd yezana remakore rechi19 evolutionism. Aireva ne RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA uzivi, dzakafanana ruzivo yakavakirwa sayenzi yakananga uye yasvika kwayo kuvandudza zvakasikwa munharaunda. Kureva, yake pfungwa, ndiyo inonyanya nenhanho ruzivo, kufukidza yose mutemo. Maererano Spencer, ndiye evolutionism, kuti ndiye kukura. mabasa Major neMunyori ichi: "Psychology" (1855), "System kuti chakaita zvokugadzirwa Philosophy" (1862-1896), "Statistics Social" (1848).

Early upenyu Spencer

Herbert Spencer akaberekwa muna 1820, April 27, pana Derby. Sekuru, baba uye sekuru vake vaiva vadzidzisi. Saka murombo utano aiva Herbert kuti vabereki vake vakanga varasikirwa kakati tariro yokuti mukomana richapona. Zvisinei, sezvo mwana, haana kuratidza chero unyanzvi tisaone, ndakadzidza kuverenga makore 8 chete, bhuku haafariri chaizvo mairi. Herbert Spencer kuchikoro akanga simbe uye vakapararira kune imwe wakasindimara uye vasingateereri. Marererwo ake akanga achiparidza paimba yababa, uyo aida mwanakomana wake akawana zvinoshamisa uye akazvimirira mafungiro. Herbert kuburikidza muviri kuvandudza utano hwavo.

Education Herbert Spencer

Akatumwa makore 13, maererano Chirungu tsika, kuti sekuru vake zvinosimudzira kutarisirwa. Thomas, babamunini Spencer akanga ari muprista Bath. Yakanga "munhu yunivhesiti." Herbert ari kuomerera wake, akaramba dzidzo kuCambridge University. Zvisinei, pashure pemakore matatu regadziriro kosi ndakaenda kumba. Akasarudza kuramba dzidzo yavo pachavo.

Kumbodemba Herbert Spencer kuti dzidzo dzinofinha haagamuchirwi. Aive chikoro akanaka, iyo gare gare akabatsira kukunda vazhinji zvipingamupinyi kugadzirisa matambudziko akasiyana-siyana.

Spencer - injiniya

baba Spencer vaida mwanakomana wake kuti ave mudzidzisi, unofanira kutevera tsoka dzake. Kugamuchira dzidzo yechipiri, rakabatsira chaizvo kwemwedzi mishoma pachikoro, apo akadzidza pachake kamwe, mumwe mudzidzisi. At Spencer akaratidza tarenda somudzidzisi. Asi akanga kufarira zvesayenzi uye masvomhu pane philology uye nhoroondo. Saka kana iri kuvakwa njanji vaibvisa injiniya, akabvuma chikumbiro pasina kumbozengurira, Herbert Spencer. Biography ake panguva ino kunoratidzwa nokuti ari kuita basa rake, iye sketched urongwa, vakandoteka mepu. Tiri kuziva Munhu anofunga akatoita rinokosha mudziyo ( "velocimeter"), zvakagadzirirwa kuyera kumhanya nezvitima.

Features Spencer sezvo muzivi

Ruzhinji wokutsauka muzivi Herbert Spencer, ane Biography chinorondedzerwa munyaya ino, akasiyana anobatsira jana mupfungwa. Izvi zvinounza naye Comte, akatanga positivism, uye Renouvier, Neo-kuti, zvakare, haana kupedza kosi yacho nevanhu payunivhesiti. Nyaya iyi yave paku paumbwe yepakutanga maonero youzivi Spencer. Asi kwakanga mariri uye ayo zvainovhiringidzawo. Somuenzaniso, iye, akaita Comte, havana kuziva hachizi mutauro wokuGermany, saka mabasa nevazivi avo akanyorwa pariri, vasingagoni kuverenga chepakutanga. Uyezve, panguva yokutanga yezana remakore rechi19 muEngland akaramba isingazivikanwi nevafungi German (Schelling, Fichte, Kant, uye vamwe.). Chete kubva mukupera 1820s, Britain vari kutanga kuzivana nevanhu vanyori kubva Germany. shanduro yokutanga panguva iyoyo vaiva varombo chaizvo unhu.

Self-dzidzo, okutanga zvinyorwa ouzivi

Mumaoko Spencer muna 1839 kuwa kupinda "Principles inoongorora" Lyell. Akasangana pamusoro sezvamunoita iyi dzidziso dzidziso woupenyu. Spencer achiri Chinomufadza youinjiniya zvirongwa asi ava pachena kuti basa iri simba zvemari woiisa hakurevi. Herbert muna 1841, anodzoka kumba uye rave nemakore maviri kuzvidzora dzidzo. Iye chinozadzwa Aingoziva mabasa Classics uzivi uye yakabudiswa panguva iyoyo mabasa ake yokutanga - nyaya yakanyorwa kuti "vasiri conformists", vakazvipira kusvika nyaya miganhu basa hurumende yechokwadi.

Herbert zvakare mumakore 1843-1846 kushanda sechinhu injiniya, kutungamirira hofisi. Anofarira zvikuru dzezvematongerwo enyika. Great simba nesimba pamusoro payo mumunda sekuru Thomas, mupristi uyo yaibatana, kusiyana nedzimwe nhengo dzemhuri Spencer, kuchinja maonero, muchirongwa zvegutsaruzhinji kufamba, ivo Chartists, uyewo ndaitaurisa nezvekodzero dzevanhu nokuda abolition yacho Corn Mitemo.

"Social Statistics"

Spencer muna 1846 akava mutevedzeri mupepeti "The Economist" (pavhiki). Anotambira mari zvakanaka, achipedzera yake basa kupembedza nguva. Herbert anonyora, "pasocial uwandu", umo kukura upenyu sechinoitika achiunza pfungwa zvishoma naMwari. Gare gare akawana pfungwa iyi zvakare teologichnym. Zvisinei, mune basa iri, Spencer kureva evanhu upenyu dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka.

Hazvina rwakaonekwa ichi rondedzero nyanzvi. Yakasungirirwa pamwe norudo Spencer ELLISTE, Lewis, Huxley. Uyewo, basa iri vakarumbidzwa naye admirers uye neshamwari akadai Hooker, Georg Groth, Stuart Mill. pamwe Carlyle ukama chete hariko. Akanyatsofungwa uye muchitonhorera Spencer vaisagona kutora ake nduru kusava netariro.

"Psychology"

Muzivi akafuridzira kubudirira kwake basa yokutanga. Iye rinobudisa munguva kubvira 1848 kusvika 1858 vanoverengeka zvimwe zviitiko uye ari kufunga zano, kuti Implementation izvo vangada kupedzera kwoupenyu hwose. Spencer anoshandisa mu "Psychology" (pepa wechipiri, rakabudiswa muna 1855) kana toreva zvepfungwa pane pfungwa rwokuzvarwa Origin of Species uye kunoratidza kuti munhu Generic chiitiko anogona kunzi ari asingatsananguriki munhu. Naizvozvo, Darwin aidavira kuti muzivi somumwe yayo vamutangira.

"Chakaita zvokugadzirwa Philosophy"

Zvishoma nezvishoma, Spencer anotanga kukura yayo hurongwa. Rakanga kuchinjwa empiricism vamutangira, kunyanya Mill uye Hume, kutsoropodzwa Kant vake, refracted kuburikidza prism pakati Hamilton (mumiririri chikoro yainzi "pfungwa"), uyewo positivism pakati Comte uye rwokuzvarwa muuzivi Schelling. Zvisinei, chikuru pfungwa yake yezvinhu kwouzivi yaiva pfungwa pakukura.

"Chakaita zvokugadzirwa Philosophy", basa rake guru, Herbert akaita wakayeriswa makore 36 oupenyu hwake. Basa iri ndiro mbiri Spencer, iro rakazivisa kupfuura kwakajeka muzivi kurarama panguva iyoyo.

Herbert Spencer muna 1858, akasarudza kuzivisa racho mabasa chipeto. Nyaya yokutanga akabudisa muna 1860. Munguva nguva kubva 1860 kusvika 1863 akauya "Basic Principles". Zvisinei, nokuda zvinetso zvemari shanduro asiri kufambira mberi.

matambudziko emari

Spencer vakatambura matambudziko uye kurasikirwa, ari kuda urombo. Tinofanira kuwedzera basa uku kudziviswa huta okuneta. Muna 1865, muzivi inoti zvikuru vaverengi kuti anomanikidzwa dzinowanza kumisa goho pane akatevedzana. Makore maviri gare gare, pashure baba Herbert akafa, akanga agamuchira nhaka duku, iyo yaita nani mamiriro ayo zvemari.

Kujairirana Youmans, rakabudiswa muna US

Herbert Spencer panguva akasangana Youmans, chokuAmerica, uyo akabudisa mabasa ake muUnited States. Munyika ino, mukurumbira chaizvo Herbert anova kwokutanga pane muEngland. rutsigiro zvokunyama atorewo Youmans uye American mafeni, kuti anobvumira muzivi kutangazve chinyorwa mabhuku ake. Makore 27 ushamwari mberi Youmans uye Spencer, kusvikira pakufa wokutanga. Name Herbert zvishoma nezvishoma anozivikanwa. The kudiwa mabhuku ake. Rinotaura muna 1875, mari nezvinhu, purofiti.

Spencer anoita mumakore 2 rwendo kumaodzanyemba Europe uye muna America, kugara kunyanya muLondon. Muna 1886, muzivi nokuti utano husina rakamanikidzwa kukanganisa kwake 4 makore basa. Wokupedzisira Vhoriyamu yakabudiswa muna 1896, mumatsutso.

Herbert Spencer: Basic Ideas

Basa guru rake ( "chakaita zvokugadzirwa Philosophy") ine mavhoriyamu 10. Chinosanganisira "Basic Principles", "Hwaro wepfungwa", "nheyo Biology", "Nheyo wemagariro evanhu". Muzivi anodavira kuti hwaro kukura yose, uyewo kusanganisira siyana nzanga, ndiyo mutemo shanduka. Nyaya "incoherent homogeneity" anopinda "coherent heterogeneity", kuti kusiyaniswa. mutemo uyu ndiwo nokudenga, anoti Herbert Spencer. PFUPI KUTSANANGURWA nayo seasinganzwi nuances zvose, asi nekuda wokutanga kuziva muuzivi izvi zvakakwana. Spencer rinorondedzera chiito kwayo zvimwe zvinhu muminda siyana, kusanganisira nhoroondo kwenzanga. Iye anoramba yezvouMwari kutsanangurirwa Herbert Spencer. Wemagariro evanhu zviri isina chokuita naMwari. Kunzwisisa kwake kushanda nzanga chipenyu muviri pakati dyidzana zvikamu kunosvika kuwanda nokudzidza nhoroondo uye kunoratidza nomuzivi kuridzidza. Maererano Herbert Spencer, mutemo zvakanyatsoenzana ndiyo hwaro shanduka. Hunhu chero pakakuvara zvinangwa zvayo kuti kuramba kudzokera yapfuura mamiriro. Ndiro organicism Herbert Spencer. Sezvo zvinhu ukoshi nderaMwari kurera vatambi shanduka anononoka. Pachinhu ramangwana hakusi tariro sezvo Mill uye Comte, Herbert Spencer. Pfungwa chikuru ake vakanga isu muchidimbu kukurukurwa.

Muzivi akafa muna 1903, December 8, muna Brighton. Akararama, pasinei murombo utano hwake, makore anopfuura 83.

Herbert Spencer pfungwa chikazikamwa vanhu vakadzidza. Nhasi, isu hatichamuzivi kufunga kana kukanganwa nezvake ndiani chikwereti kuwanikwa ichi kana kuti pfungwa. Herbert Spencer, evanhu uye uzivi iyo vakaita guru basa kukura nyika kufunga, mumwe mukuru pfungwa munhau.