Vatsvakurudzi Russian uye vafambi remakore rechi19. Major nenzvimbo zvakawanwa

vatsvakurudzi Russian uye vafambi remakore rechi19 akaita nhamba ane matongo, iyo yakava pfuma wokuRussia asiwo vatorwa, nyika haina chete nesayenzi. Mukuwedzera, vakaita rakakura pave omunharaunda ruzivo uye ndakaita zvakawanda kubatsira Kurovedza mudonzvo itsva kuti kukura zvomumvura tsvakurudzo.

prerequisites

vatsvakurudzi Russian uye vafambi remakore rechi19 vakatakura zvakawanwa ake zvikurukuru nokuti ichi remakore kunge akasimbisa kudiwa kutsvaka zvitsva dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana uye mikana kutsigira hukama yeRussia pamwe nedzimwe nyika. Panoperera XVIII - mangwanani XIX remakore, nyika yedu pakupedzisira yabatanidza chinzvimbo yaro dzakawanda munhandare sesimba renyika. Sezvingatarisirwa, urongwa uhwu itsva kuwedzera geopolitical nzvimbo yayo, izvo zvaida zveBhaibheri zvitsva yamakungwa, zviwi kumiganhu penyanza nokuda kuvaka zvengarava, ngarava uye kutengeserana dzimwe nyika.

vatsvakurudzi Russian uye vafambi remakore rechi19 kwakaitika sezvo unyanzvi vezvikepe inongova panguva chaiyo apo nyika yedu ine kuwana makungwa maviri: kuBaltic uye Black. Uye haasi masanga. Izvi avhura mikana mitsva nokuda zvomumvura kutsvakurudza uye zvakasimbisa pakuvaka uye kuvandudzika fleets, mugungwa zvinoitwa zvavo. Hazvishamisi kuti okutanga emakore ari vatsvakurudzi Russian vaiona remakore uye vafambi remakore rechi19 kuitwa izvo hunakidze kuRussia nenzvimbo nesayenzi dzinoverengeka hunoshamisa tsvakurudzo,.

Plan nyika rwendo

Chirongwa ichi chakaitwa zvinobvira akavonga muchikamu kuti akabudirira zvechiuto akavhiyiwa munyika yedu mukupera XVIII remakore. Panguva iyoyo, Russia nomukana kuvaka zvikepe ayo muGungwa Dema, izvo, chokwadi, chaiva chokukurudzira seamanship. vezvikepe Russian panguva ino zvakakomba kufungisisa kuti aise nyore dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana. Izvi zvimwe akwanise nokuti nyika yedu rakaitirwa North America Alaska. Sezvo akanga zvakafanira kuramba zvachose ukama uye kutanga kushandira pamwe upfumi.

KANA Kruzenshtern mukupera XVIII remakore, iye akapa zano kuti nyika rwendo. Zvisinei, kana akarambwa. Asi makore mashomanana pashure pokutonga Alexander I, hurumende yeRussia akaratidza kufarira vakabvuma urongwa. Akagamuchira mvumo.

kudzidza

KANA Kruzenshtern aibva mumhuri chakanaka. Akadzidza ari Kronstadt wengarava Corps uye kuva mudzidzi wake, akatora mugove hondo Sweden, apo vakati pachavo akaratidza zvakanaka. Pashure paizvozvo iye akatuma kunodzidziswa kuEngland, kwaakanga dzidzo yakanaka. Paakadzoka kuRussia akauyawo zano kuti nyika rwendo. Agamuchira kufarirwa, kunyatsogadzirira wake, akatenga yakanakisisa midziyo uye vakagadzirira ngarava.

mutevedzeri wake pedyo iyi nyaya yaiva shamwari yake Yuriy Fodorovich Lisyansky. Naye aishamwaridzana shure muna kadheti Corps. Mumwe wo vaudzewo pachake somunhu wengarava mupurisa matarenda munguva Russian nevaSwedish makore 1788-1790. Nechekare kitted nokukurumidza zviviri ngarava pasi mazita "Neva" uye "Hope". Wokupedzisira nokuchengeta, Count Nikolai Rezanov, akaita yakakurumbira nokuda yakakurumbira padombo dhanzi. The rwendo nechikepe 1803. Chinangwa chacho chaiva kuongorora uye kuongorora mukana kuvhura itsva dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana kubva Russia kuChina uye mahombekombe mundima North America.

kushambira

vatsvakurudzi Russian vakagumisa Cape Horn, uye akapinda Pacific Ocean, inokamukana. Yuriy Fodorovich Lisyansky akatungamirira ngarava yake Mahombekombe North America, iyo akanunurazve rakundwa maIndia zvokutengeserana Russian guta Novo-Arkhangelsk. Panguva rwendo urwu iyewo wakaitwa kokutanga munhoroondo wekushandisa nechikepe chikepe kumativi South Africa.

Ngarava "Hope" inotungamirwa Kruzenshtern nechikepe Gungwa Japan. Kukosha mutsvakurudzi uyu kuti iye kwazvo akatsvakurudza mhenderekedzo Sakhalin Island, uye akaita kuchinja kuti mepu. Zvisinei, chikuru chinangwa rwendo chaiva kuongorora muromo Amur River, mune kare utungamiriri aifarira zvePacific Fleet. Kruzenshtern kupinda Amur estuary, ipapo, kuongorora nemahombekombe Kamchatka, akadzokera kunyika yokumusha kwake.

Kruzenshtern mupiro sayenzi

vatsvakurudzi Russian kunge akawedzera yekudyidzana Russian nenzvimbo wesayenzi nokuiunzira kusvika munyika yose okukura. rwendo urwu asina Akakwezva zvevoruzhinji. Yapera kufamba vaviri vakanyora mabhuku umo migumisiro zvavo tsvakurudzo akaratidzwa. Kruzenshtern rakabudiswa "Around the World", asi zvikuru kukosha asunungurwa navo atirasi hydrographic mafomu. Akavazadza mavara akawanda chena pamepu, aiva kudzidza chinokosha yamakungwa uye nyanza. Saka, zviri vakadzidza uye kumanikidzwa mvura tembiricha, mvura dzenzvimbo, mafungu emvura.

Outdoor mabasa

basa kwaachazoita yave hunonyatsobatana Marine Corps, apo akanga pakutanga yakajeka inisipekita. Zvadaro, paiva dzidziso, uye zvose ipapo kuenda nayo. Maererano kutanga kwake, Higher Officer Classes. Mune ramangwana, ivo kushandurwa Naval Academy. Kruzenshtern akatanga anoranga iri rokudzidzisa muitiro mutsva. Izvi ikawanda kwazvo pakunaka kwokudzidzisa seamanship.

Uyezve, akabatsira kuronga dzimwe nzendo, zvikurukuru aivabatsira urongwa mumwe mutsvakurudzi akakurumbira O. Kotzebue. Krusenstern muchirongwa pakusikwa yakakurumbira Russian Geographical Society, nderipi kwaifanira kugara aitungamirira chinzvimbo kwete chete kuRussia asiwo munyika nesayenzi. Zvikuru kukosha kuti kukura nzvimbo yakanga asunungurwe navo "Atlas Sea South".

Preparation ane rwendo itsva

Kruzenshtern makore mashomanana pashure rwendo rwake akaramba kunyatsodzidza kumaodzanyemba latitudes. Iye zvinganaka kushongedzera zviviri nzendo kuna North uye South matanda nechimwe zvikepe zviviri. Asati aidzidzisa ichi J. Cook akapotsa akasvika pedyo Antarctica, asi akanga kudziviswa kuenda aizi. Ipapo akakurumbira mufambi yakati kuti kondinendi rechitanhatu kana hakuwaniki kana hakusi nyore kwaari.

Muna 1819, hurumende yeRussia asarudza hembe mumwe dzechikwata itsva nokushambira. akanga Faddey Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen, pashure dzinoverengeka sokunonoka yakatarwa wekambani yacho. Kwakasarudzwa kuvaka ngarava zviviri: "Rugare" uye "East". First yakagadzirwa ne Russian masayendisiti urongwa. Iye Zvinokosha zvakaisvonaka uye isapinda. Zvisinei, wechipiri yakavakwa muna UK, yakanga zvishoma kugadzikana, saka kuti vakanga vasina nguva yagadziridza, kuvakazve uye kugadzirisa. Kugadzirira uye kuvaka akatungamirira Mikhail Lazarev, uyo vakagunun'una pamusoro kusawirirana midziyo miviri.

Travel rwezasi

The rwendo mutsva akaenda muna 1819. Iye akatambanudza Brazil uye skirting huru, akaenda Sandvicheskim zvitsuwa. Muna January 1820 Russian rwendo akawana kondinendi rechitanhatu - Antarctica. Panguva anofambisa rwakapoteredza yakawanikwa uye vakarondedzera zvitsuwa zvizhinji. Pakati inokosha zvakawanwa anganzi chitsuwa Petro I, Alexander I. Coast kuti tsananguro zvakakodzera kumiganhu, uyewo yokunyora nokudhirowa zvemhuka kuonekwa pamusoro kondinendi itsva, Faddey Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen nechikepe shure.

Panguva rwendo, kuwedzera kuziva miedzo Antarctica vakaitwa mamwe matongo. Semuenzaniso, vatori vechikamu vakawana kuti Nyika Sandwich - zviri rose yezvitsuwa. Uyezve, akatsanangura chitsuwa South Georgia. Zvikuru kukosha vari kurondedzerwa yacho itsva. Mikhail Lazarev pamwe chikepe ake aiva nomukana tarisa yakaisvonaka panyika, saka zvakawanwa zviri zvikuru kukosha kuti sayenzi.

zvichireva Zvavakawana

Rwendo kwemakore 1819-1821 rakanga zvikuru nokuti nyika uye nyika jogirafi. Panovhurwa idzva, kondinendi wechitanhatu, akashandura pfungwa nzvimbo Pasi. Both Vafambi zvakabudisa migumisiro kwavo chidzidzo mavhoriyamu maviri ane satin kushanda uye mirayiridzo inodiwa. Pataienda rakachengetedzwa inorondedzerwa zvitsuwa vanenge makumi matatu, akaita zvinoyevedza vanodhirowa zvipenyu muna Antarctica yaro nemhuka. Uyezve, nhengo rwendo vakaunganidza dzakasiyana ethnographic muunganidzwa, iyo wakachengetwa Kazan University.

zvimwe zvinhu

Bellingshausen vakazoroorwa akaramba basa rake wengarava. Aiitawo muhondo 1828-1829 Russian-Turkish, wemutungamiri kuBaltic Fleet, uye gare gare akagadzwa kuva gavhuna Kronstadt. A chiratidzo kuziva mabasa ake ndechokuti zviri zita pashure akatevedzana tsaukana zvinhu. Chokutanga, tinofanira kutaura gungwa iri nePacific Ocean.

Lazarev uyewo scored pashure yake yakakurumbira rwendo kuna Antarctica. Akagadzwa wehondo rwendo kusvika pamhenderekedzo Russian America Kuchengetedzwa zvisiri pamutemo zvaakanga zvinobudirira uye vakakwanisa. Gare gare akarayira Black Sea Fleet, muchirongwa Hondo Navarino, icho akakunda mibayiro wandei. Saka vatsvakurudzi huru Russia akaita mupiro yayo huru kukura geography.