The zvenyika yenyika chechi

On kwakadaro zvinhu sezvo zvenyika venyika enzvimbo kuchechi, maiva rechi15 uye rechi16 emakore. Asi chete muzana remakore rechi18 pakupedzisira akatora chimiro kupedza nyaya iyi. Zvinonzi mune ichi remakore, hurumende akakwanisa kugadzirisa dambudziko abvunza kunyange paitonga Ivan III.

Zvenyika - ndiyo kubviswa guru landholdings chechi. Uye raiva refu hondo vatongi Russian uye chechi yacho yakapera izvi. Uye chokwadi kuti zvakaitika sezvakanga muzana remakore rechi18, hakuna netsaona.

Pakazosvika nguva nemugwagwa capitalism kufambira mberi kukuru kwakaitwa, uye aripo panyaya nechechi nyika chimiro kodzero kuti kupindira. The huru kuitika ndechokuti nyika - chinhu chinokosha kubva izvo kuti zvinopiwa zvisingabatsiri. nadzurudzo iyi zvikuru akagutsa yokutanga yezana remakore rechi18, kuwanika munyika varidzi pedyo namambo kuyanzva. Zvichakadai, chechi nyika nemhaka rinokosha hunhu kushandiswa kwayo havana makaparadzaniswa. Vafundisi aigona chete wana navo, asi murege chero nzira kurasa.

Ndiyo yaiva chete nevakawanda mhaka Chiitiko anonzi "zvenyika minda chechi." Paiva nezvimwe zvikonzero, ngatitaurei vanoti, imwe private hunhu. Chokwadi chokuti yose nomutemo akananga Russian nyika runotsamira kwazvo zvido kwamachinda. nhare iri umambo wayo napo chokuwedzera Holdings avo, apo iripo nyika mari iri nechepakati chikamu mamiriro kwave husingakuvadzi aneta. Asi nyika iri kumucheto zvishoma kufarira. kutongwa kwamachinda kuti zvenyika kereke matunhu uye vanhuwo zvavo kuti pave nheyo yakanaka, izvo zvaizoita kuti vakwanise kuwedzera mimwe.

Kutongera munhu kwenguva refu kugona kusarudza pamusoro kutyora chokubatana, iyo yakaumbwa kubva ushamwari chechi uye mamiriro. Chete yechipiri yezana remakore rechi18, chinangwa simba akunda. Pashure dzakatevedzana vibrations naPetro III muna 1762 akapa gwaro, rakanga chikonzero kwezvisikwa rinokosha mari nevamwe vanoda kudzora zvose Ecclesiastical fiefdoms. Panguva iyoyowo akarayira kuti kubviswa kudzora vanhu vose vaiva vafundisi. Varimi chete uyo akashanda ari mukereke Estates, akarayira panzvimbo yapfuura mitoro kubhadhara zvakavakodzera pamusoro Ruble mutero pa musoro. Nokudaro, murimi mudiki kushandiswa munyika akaramba, ivo kurima kuti chechi patrimonial, asi nyika kare haana kushandiswa navo (zvigayo, etc.), anofanira kupa achida rents. Uye vose mari awakawana dzinoshandiswa Board hwakagadzwa. Saka, kushanda haana kunyanya kuremedzwa, asi requisitions zvose akaita vatongi, vaizodzorerwa pakarepo vakadzokera vanhuwo zvavo.

Zvisinei, chirevo ichi akanga achiita kwenguva pfupi nguva. Nechekare Catherine Mukuru kupinda simba iri chaizvo mamiriro ezvinhu munyika aifanira "minimini". The zvenyika yenyika chechi yakanga kuzivikanwa yakayerwa wake anorwara-ndakatendeka, chirevo akadzima uye akadzokera kuchechi nzvimbo, kusanganisira uye vanhuwo zvavo. Empress rakavhurwa rakanamwa panguva Peter III musha chechi uye akatanga zvakasimba kusimudzira kumutsidzirwa pokudzora nevafundisi nenhau kusenza, etc.

Zviya zvenyika minda chechi wakatsamwisa nokusagadzikana pakati vanhuwo zvavo pakati wemamongi. Uye kwamachinda rakanga, kuti akariisa zvinyoronyoro, asingafari. Somugumisiro, Ekaterina Velikaya akatora mhinduro itsva: misa yacho abolition kuti secularism nokusika basa kuti comprehensively kudzidza nyaya. Pakazosvika nguva Empress akanga aita nechokwadi kuti vafundisi sezvo enyika simba simba chaizvo. Pashure pake mirairo kunyange zvazvo akaita pfundepfunde pakati mabhishopi uye simba kunyunyuta, asi pachena hapana akamboda. Saka, maererano nomurau 1764, zvose mabhishopi, ivo Revafundisi, kereke uye wemamongi Estates pakupedzisira hwakatamisirwa chepasi of Board. Asi nyika pane vafundisi yasarudzwa zvino kutenda staffing kugutsikana, uye gare gare, munguva vakawanda munyika panenge pachivakwa, uye vakagamuchira kwokurangana diki.

Mumwe anogona kupindura, chii chiri zvakawanda akauya zvenyika dzechechi minda, chakanaka kana chakaipa, asi kuti uyu chipimo akanga zvechokwadi kunoshamisa mune remakore yake, ndicho kuti chokwadi.