Umo nyika ndiyo TNCs kupfuura?

Trade yakatanga kare. With kukura vanhu ari zvinenge hapana yachinja, kunze, Chokwadi, zviri zvinhu uye mabasa pamusika. Kana yapfuura kugadzirwa kwaibva imwe ndima, zvino kutenga nyika dzimwe nyika kuvaka mafekitari dzavo - akangofananawo chaiyo. zvaisanganisira (uye chaizvo), kwete chete nyika iri European, asiwo Russian Federation. Chaizvoizvo, munenge munyika iyo TNCs pakukura, dzichakurukurwa.

Chii vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana repamutemo?

Pakutanga TNK ari kufambidzana kugadzirwa mahofisi munyika dzinoverengeka. Basa Makambani akadaro ari pose kwacho Chokwadi, hombe. TNCs inogona kwete chete kuva kambani kugadzirwa, asi sezvo foni, inishuwarenzi uye Auditing. Uyezve, pano vanosanganisira nemakambani mabhanga uye mudyandigere mari.

The bhajeti, vane zvimwe TNCs pakukura, iguru zvokuti akapfuudza dzemari dzimwe nyika. Somuenzaniso, mambure wepagore mubereko General Electric Corporation ari zvishoma kupfuura $ 13 bhiriyoni, riri kusvika 34 nguva kupfuura wegore bhajeti of Andorra ine vanhu 85,4 zviuru vanhu, zvichidzika zvishoma pane GDP kuna Iceland ya2015. Uyewo, makambani basa rinokosha mune zvesayenzi, mugove TNCs pamusana anenge 80% of mari romugove pakutsvakurudza uye kubudirira mabasa uye pamusoro chete nhamba vakanyorwa patents.

Multinationals: nei internationalism?

The kwaita transnational makambani pakutanga, yakavakirwa pamusoro mukana yokuwana purofiti. Izvi inotsanangura kusikwa dzakawanda kugadzirwa. Nokuda kuvapo maindasitiri zvirimwa munharaunda imwe nyika, unogona kuponesa yakawanda:

• kukosha zviwanikwa (kana nyika kuti muridzi nemakambani dzesangano hauna yakasimbiswa zvakakwana vamwe mbishi zvinhu mhando, kuvaka chikamu anogona kugadzirisa dambudziko iri yomumwe munharaunda);
• mutero nharaunda (nokuda kusiyana nemashoko zvoupfumi dzimwe nguva isingadhuri kugadzirwa mutobvu sokunge "kwete kumba");
• pamusoro mubayiro vashandi '(kana, somuenzaniso, vokuGermany uye vekuAmerica vanokoshesa basa ravo riri kumusoro chaizvo, ndiye zvemo zvomuMexico zvinobvumirana kushandira duku kubhadhara).

Chikonzero Makambani dzakawanda zviwande. Zviri pamusoro nheyo idzi dzibate TNCs pakukura.

Mhando transnational makambani

Kune mhando nhatu TNCs: International, nemakambani uye pasi rose kambani.

Chokutanga mhando ndiyo repamutemo pave mapazi ayo dzimwe nyika, asi izvi STRUCTURAL zvinhu vanoparadzaniswa. Kureva, vane kugadzirwa zvavo uye kutsvakurudza uye kubudirira. Kunyange zvakadaro, Mhedziso yokutanga ndiyo kambani mubereki anoshandisa.

Chechipiri mhando anoshumira kubatana pakati yenyika makambani munyika. Chaizvoizvo, maonero aya zvikurukuru anotsanangura chii TNCs. boka rimwe nerimwe mukati MNC, iri yakazvimirira kuita chero kushandiswa.

Wechitatu mhando anomiririrwa sezvo tive TNCs pakukura. In Vachitsvaka musimboti ichi, vesangano kana inopa patented magadzirirwo kugadzirwa, pamwe nedzimwe nyika, kana kuti vaigadzira zvinhu zviri chigadzirwa, uye ungano iri kare vaiita mamwe zvirimwa. Kubvira 80 wacho, mhando iyi rinobhadhara. The TNCs pakukura vachiri kutevera dzakapiwa murayiro.

TNK kudzora mashandiro

Huru yemakambani utariri vari vaviri rinopikisa kuitikawo musimboti: yacho centralization uye decentralization.

Tsanangudzo yokutanga ndiyo chido TNCs kuti nokuumba chete pakati. Zvinofanira kuva munyika rinopiwa Corporation. Vamwe dhipatimendi kuitisa mabasa avo chete mvumo mubereki kambani.

Kusarudza wechipiri unokubvumira kusarudza. Administrative nzvimbo yakatangwa bazi rimwe nerimwe. Subsidiaries, sezvinoita mutemo, zvakakwana pasina mamwe mapazi dzesangano.

Sources vanobudirira mabasa transnational makambani

Okufananidza zvechadenga TNCs pakukura, kubatsira chiri zvazvisingarambiki, anoti zvinotevera: kushandiswa pakugadzira zvinhu kune dzimwe nyika, uyewo ayo nezvaanogona zvemari, kunoita kuti tiwedzere, akakunda kana tiine musika. Mukuwedzera, zvokurwisa basa nokuda napedyo vokune dzimwe nyika vatengi. Kuziva pakuitisa zvokutsvakurudza nemiedzo, uye avo mhedzisiro chaizvo zvakanaka unyanzvi transnational makambani.

Kuwedzera kune izvi zviga okufananidza zvechadenga TNCs kupfuura zvinoita pachena kuti mabasa munyika dzinoverengeka panguva iyoyowo kubatsira kuwedzera makwikwi uye kuvandudza ukama nemumwe nyika.

Statistics pamusoro vatorwa zvinhu

Munzvimbo chikuru nebasa magetsi yemakambani - zviri zvemagetsi, motokari, migodhi uye kubudiswa mafuta. The TNCs pakukura kazhinji bhizimisi iri non-Musimboti yesangano nepfungwa kutsiga musika nyika. Pakutanga panyaya dzimwe zvinhu wakasuduruka anotevera makambani:

• "General Electric". The nyika - the United States, mhando yebasa - Electronics. Huwandu wokumwe zvinhu ndiyo 30%.
• "Royal Dutch Shell". Country - Netherlands - United Kingdom, basa - mafuta indasitiri. Mugove wokumwe zvinhu - 66%.
• "Ford." The nyika - the United States, mhando yebasa - Automotive. Mugove wokumwe zvinhu - 30%.

Kuwedzera makambani dziri kuchine zvakawanda TNK, achishandisa nzira kukura pakubudiririsa kuenderera.

mazita Makambani

An chinokosha chokukomborerwa nekambani kubudirira pamusika remarudzi ndiyo kukosha rokutengesa vakaziva munharaunda dzimwe nyika. The TNCs pakukura, ndandanda inosidzikwa kunze pazasi kwave kuongorora nenheyo ichi. Uyewo, kuwedzera mhando yebasa uye nyika muridzi, zvinhu zvaisanganisira ari kwemari uye makambani:

1. Walmart (chitoro kwemauto, US) - 482,130.
2. State Grid Corporation of China (magetsi, China) - 329,601.
3. China National Petroleum (mafuta uye gasi kwemauto, China) - 299,271.
4. Sinopec Groupe (petrochemical maindasitiri, China) - 294,344.
5. Royal Dutch Shell (mafuta uye gasi kwemauto, Netherlands - United Kingdom) - 272,156.

Ava havasi vose TNCs. Asi saanenge 2016, makambani aya anoumba pamusoro shanu.

TNK muRussia

Kubvira pakupera XIX remakore Russia akaedza kuti abatane mabasa transnational makambani munyika. Asi kuramba deceleration nokuda nokumukirana uye kuchinja enyika havabvumirwi kuitisa izvi zvakazara. Chikonzero ichi kuti nanhasi munyika dzaitongwa basa uye zvibereko nemakambani yokumwe. Panongova ichangopfuura, Russia yakanga mubasa pakusikwa yavo zvemari-maindasitiri mapoka (maonde), izvo chaizvo akafanana TNC.

Okufananidza zvechadenga makurusa TNCs nyika chete panguva pakuguma XX remakore kukasawedzerwa pamwe mumiririri Russian, dzinova 1996 Rating rakabudiswa Financial Times, akapa boka "Gazprom".

Panguva iyoyo, kukura vemasangano Russian riri nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva pane mune dzimwe nyika. Kuti abudirire zvikuru pabasa pamisika nyika Russia anofanira kubatanidza Kuedza kunatsiridza zvemari uye maindasitiri mapoka avo, pamwe chete noushamwari nyika.