In muuzivi induction - nayo ... Induction dzidziso William Whewell

Deductive uye inductive nzira cognition zvinowanza kufunga uye uzivi. Vanogona kuonekwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Kudivi rimwe, ndiwo nzira kuti pave nomukana kuti infer mashoko itsva kubva izvo kare kuwanikwa. Kune vamwe - vanorondedzerwa chaiwo nzira cognition. Funga musiyano pakati pavo uye zvinoitwa mashandiro ose generalized mashoko akadai, akadai induction.

Philosophy: dzinokosha Dzidziso akasiyana nzira mukuziva

Shoko "yaanobhadhara" rinoshandurwa kubva muchiLatin rinoreva "kubviswa." Kureva, kana kubva upi zvawo, husingaoneki ruzivo ndiko yezwi ake private kana kunyanya mhando. Induction anoshandura se "kutungamirirwa." Kureva hwakabatana pamwe zvavo vamwe private ruzivo, ruzivo kana migumisiro pakutsvakurudza. In muuzivi induction - kazhinji nzira chokuwana zvinonakisa kutonga kubva experimental mashoko. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti yaanobhadhara anopa kupfuura yakavimbika ruzivo, kana misha yaro yechokwadi. Inonyanya hunogutsa, uye negashiro ruzivo inobva European sainzi, kunyanya masvomhu. Asi induction ndiyo chete "zvepabonde" chokwadi, kunobatsira kuti kumuwana. It ane probabilistic hunhu uye, sezvo mutemo, ndiwo mugumisiro pakusika hypotheses. Izvi anonzi kukwana induction. Zviri musiyano wezvinyorwa pamusoro nzira iyi kudzidza. Kana imwe mashoko inogona zvakaratidza vose nomumwe nyaya, tiri kubata zvakazara induction. In masvomhu, sezvo mutemo, shandisa yaanobhadhara. Zvisinei, izvozvo anonzi inductive nzira. All nyaya muzita chaiwo axioms pamusoro izvo unyanzvi ichi yakavakirwa.

Karwendo kupinda munhoroondo kare

In muuzivi induction - nzira achiziva uyo akaberekwa pamwe chete dzidziso Socrates. Asi kunzwisisa kwake ichi Nzira rakasiyana rimwe rinozikamwa kwatiri zvino. Akadana fananidzo uye kuchaitwa nzira, kana kudzidza zvimwe zviitiko zvakanga inobviswa zvakare yakamanikana tsanangudzo uye akanga kunopindirana kukosha kwavo. Tiine chidzoke dzidziso Aristotle hwakachinja vekare Uzivi hwose Greek. Induction yakatanga hwakagadzwa kuva musimboti yokuwana nevakawanda zivo chaiyo zvinhu. Kukurukura kwakadaro so yokukakavadzniswa. Muzivi guru rinonzi induction nzira, zvakasiyana syllogism. The chikuru musimboti nezivo akatenda yaanobhadhara.

Renaissance

Chii chiri kuitika panguva ino uzivi? Induction - ndiyo nheyo sayenzi iyi, akafunga pamusoro Renaissance nenhamba. Ndivo chaizvo dzakaoma Aristotle, sezvo dzidziso yake yakavakirwa scholasticism, zvavakanga vaiona nderechinyakare uye hampering kukura nesayenzi. Zvikurukuru kukuru panyaya iyi yaiva Frensis Bekon. Aidavira kuti yaanobhadhara ari kuvimba nemashoko uye nezviratidzo, uye kana yokupedzisira nemazvo akagadzira, vose zvino kunobva pazivo hazvina musoro. Akapa kuti kungotaura pamusoro zvinowanikwa nesayenzi, kwete kuti atsanangure pahwaro yaivapo dzidziso.

Induction mu "New Organon"

Zvinofadza kuti pasinei kuvengana kuna Aristotle, Bacon akapotsa akatevera mitemo yake. Iyewo akashora induction pakati syllogism, uye basa rake guru rinonzi "New Organon", Kurwisa muchiGiriki kukuru. Pakati zviitiko uye chokwadi, akaona anofunga, unofanira kutarisa kunyange pfungwa sezvo causal ukama. Vari inobva kusiyana, zvakafanana, zviyero uye anoenderana kuchinja. Nokuda induction pamusoro Bacon akava nzira chikuru European sayenzi uye mubereko yaanobhadhara simba. Asi zvino, pashure Descartes, uzivi kamwe zvakare vakadzokera syllogism sezvikonzero kuita zivo yechokwadi.

Dzorera induction. John Stuart Mill

Iri raiva Chirungu musayendisiti zvakare kushora deductive nzira iri epistemology. Akati syllogism ari chokwadi kuchinja kubva vakataurirana chaiyo chaiyo, uye kwete kubva mukuru kune chaidzo. Sezvaanorevawo anoriona kwemamiriro ane inductive hwaro chokwadi chesayenzi. Mill anowedzerawo uye anotsigira kuti dzima Bacon. Kubva ake nemaonero, muuzivi induction - zviri nzira ina, zviri interconnected.

• Wokutanga wavo - akabvuma. Kureva, kana pane kufanana maviri kana kupfuura zviitiko kutanga tiri kubata chikonzero kudzidza.
• Chechipiri - mutsauko ichi. Somuenzaniso, chimwe rinowanikwa muna imwe Fani, asi vasipo mune dzimwe, asi vose mamwe mashoko rakadai. Saka, musiyano uri chikonzero.
• Wechitatu - a pachiyero. Ngatitii tiri kutsanangura zvimwe ezvinhu mune dzimwe zvinokonzera zvakananga pamusoro chinonakidza. Saka zvose zviri Fani iyi inogona Rinobva asara chokwadi.
• Pakupedzisira, yakakodzera nzira. Kana tikaona kuti pashure rimwe Fani kunoitika apo chinhu Kuchinja mune mamwe, saka pane causal kubatana pakati pavo.

Philosophy sayenzi: induction somumwe mbiru dzayo

Chirungu weduramanzwi namapfumbamwe remakore Uidyam Whewell, uyo akanyora akawanda mabasa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana anoranga, mumwe dzepamusorosoro vavengi Dzhona Styuarta Mill. Kunyange zvakadaro, iye, zvakare, vaidavira kuti induction ane hunogara ukoshi zivo. Izvi zvinotevera kubva wenyaya mabasa ake makuru. Rake rinonzi "The Uzivi of Inductive Sciences" akasika furor iri kuomesa pfungwa ruzivo. Raiva murume isu chikwereti yazvino Mutauro mumunda kutsvakurudza. Somuenzaniso, akaita mukurumbira zvikuru neshoko "sayenzi", rayo chiedza ruoko, chii kuita masayendisiti pakupedzisira vakarega kunzi "rwokuzvarwa uzivi." Pfungwa yake induction unofadza zvikuru uye haana kurasa kukosha kwayo kusvikira nhasi. Ndosaka Whewell akadana mumwe havaoni ari uzivi nesayenzi.

Chimwe Kutarira dzidziso induction

All muzivi epistemology rakamuka-kamuka chinangwa uye kuzviitira. In maonero ake, ruzivo zvose zvinobva pfungwa kana nezvekufadza. Asi dzidziso, zvinobva ruzivo (inductive), imwe chokukomborerwa mberi mune zvesayenzi. Zvaiita sokuti vakanga yakaunganidzwa Zvishoma nezvishoma humboo ruzivo vaunganidza kubudikidza experimenters, uye kushandisa pakuvhurwa kutsanangura zvinokonzera uye mukuronga mitemo. Whewell aidavira kuti anoramba basa Francis Bacon, uye saka nharo Mill vachidavira kuti ekupedzisira iri zvichishandurwa zvakare kusanyatsotsanangurwa induction, kunoderedza kuti uchatamisa uye zvakafanana. Neurongwa hwakashandiswa zvavo chokwadi "peta" pamusoro zvidzidzo nezvevamwe chokwadi, zvinotungamirira kukura nesayenzi uye kukurudzira kwayo pachine. Pfungwa induction William Whewell ndiyo pfungwa mupfungwa kushanda "zvavo," izvo sokunge munhu worudzii zambuko rinobatanidza mumwe mubatanidzwa chokwadi. Saka "anoratidza" vaongorori yokuti unogona kushandisa kutaura zvinoverengeka zvakasiyana-siyana achishandisa mutemo inokosha.

Zvaaiva inductive kugamuchirwa kunzwisiswa munguva yedu

Zvino sayenzi nouzivi vakaziva vaviri nzira idzi zivo. Induction uye yaanobhadhara anoshandiswa nevakawanda. Asi pfungwa uye chokwadi kwakavakirwa vachiri hwaro ruzivo ano yesayenzi. Mienzaniso induction chakakwana - kana paine vanonyorwa ose okunze pachishandiswa zvakatemwa nokuda rose boka wavo wakakwana - kwete chaizvo chakasviba. Mostly nharo kwakavakirwa unyanzvi ichi, probabilistic. Dzinomirira kukwana induction mhedziso. Chokwadi, chiitiko - iri inoshanda zvikuru kusimbisa chokwadi. Asi inductive nzira inoshanda chete kana paine monotonous hurongwa zvinhu zvichiri Mill. Kana makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana vanhu - rworudyi vanhu, chokwadi unobva kuna rwevanhu hakurevi haabatanidzi chokwadi kuti munhu wacho anogona neziboshwe. Saka pfungwa iri nguva dzose inorondedzera papi inductive nzira. kazhinji Ndivo chete mukana uye zvinoda humwe chikonzero uye uchapupu. Izvi zvinoshandawo muenzaniso. Iye anotaura ( "anotungamirira") pamusoro kufanana ari mananara. Zvisinei, kufanana ichi angava zvachero uye kwete nguva dzose zvinoratidza causation. kukwana induction nzira anova hwaro wokutsauka. Mashura uye pfungwa zvinogona kuva zvisikwa zvake.

induction kudiwa kuti vaedze hypotheses nezvesayenzi

A rinozivikanwa achitsoropodza "RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA yokutaura" kutsvakurudza Karl Popper anoona yokungotaura ruzivo chawo sezvinotevera. Anoedza kupindura mibvunzo mitatu yakamutswa navo. Zvinoita kupembedza kutaura rudzi nokudenga pakuti kwakavakirwa ruzivo? Muzivi anodavira kuti hakuna, uye saka induction, kubva ake nemaonero, muchiitiko ichi haushandi. Zvisinei, mune zvinotevera nyaya mbiri izvozvo kunokosha basa rinokosha. Zvinoita, anokumbira Popper, vanofunga kuti ndiyo imwe dzidziso yenhema, kana experimental Data agodzivisa here? Chokwadi, anodaro. Uye kana pane dzakawanda dzidziso, uye vamwe vavo vari waramba ruzivo, uye vamwe - kwete? Zvadaro isu achasarudza vaya vakakwanisa "pa". Saka, maererano Popper, induction sezvo nzira ongororo zvoruzivo wakakurira rakakura basa. Kunotibatsira kuti tizive falsity kutaura, asi kwete chokwadi chacho. Uchibatsirwa kwayo, tinogona kuziva avo hypotheses kuti vari kupfuura nemishonga kana kuedza.