Induction uye yaanobhadhara: nhoroondo chinoumba

By kuguma XVI remakore mu European uzivi akaumba ose prerequisites kuti yezwi ayo rationalistic zvepamusoro kuti ruzivo experimental nzira cognition wenyika. Pakati nevafungi vokutanga akatsigira pfungwa experimental sayenzi vaiva Francis Bacon uye Descartes.

Mazano zivo yesayenzi, takarurama nemasayendisiti izvi, zvinhu zvinenge itsva kwouzivi uye methodological zviito. It zvikuru chinokunda kuitwa zvaitaurwa naAristotle Organon uye Ages scholasticism, izvo havana kuziva zvakaitika seinokonzera ruzivo chokwadi.

Maererano Bacon, kuti anoramba uye chaizvoizvo kuongorora nyika zvakasikwa, inofanira kushandiswa nzira induction uye yaanobhadhara. Sechikamu ari inductive nzira kunokosha, ari maonero ake, tevera kubva zvikurukuru mukuru, kubva zvikurukuru zvinhu kufamba akananga vakawanda mhedziso kuti Bacon akapa zita - paavhareji axioms. Izvi ichapa mukana nechokwadi zvakarurama uye kusachinja-chinja pane ari zvishande muitiro, sezvo Bacon akaona ngozi zvikuru kuchinja kubva munhu zviitiko vakanyorwa zviri hana chokwadi pakarepo kuti kungotaura. mashandiro iyi vakafunga rwokufamba vaisandishora kune deductive muenzaniso syllogistic pfungwa, uye zvikuru zvinobudirira vaisanganisa izvozvo. In pfupi induction uye yaanobhadhara vakanga organically aibatanidza mugomba chete methodological chokushandisa. Izvi akawedzera zvikuru muganhu pokushandisa nechimwe zvinoumba ari inductive-deductive nzira yamboshandiswa tisingatungamirirwi.

Bacon akapikisa kuti pane kwakakwana uye kukwana induction, yaanobhadhara, uye nokudaro chose kunorondedzerwa zvakajeka dzavo methodological zvaangaita uye nzvimbo mukuru hurongwa zvishande pfuma panguva nesayenzi. Urwu nzira iyi anonzi wechokwadi anofunga induction, aiva iye uyo, muna Bacon muchifarirwa, kunogona kutungamirira munhu kwete chete kune dzechokwadi kumhedziso, asi kuti mhedziso zvakakwana itsva. Sezvo ongororo uye Zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa imwe nzira - kuedza, iyo inoshanda se-soro dare chokuita chinyorwa kuti anzi.

Sezvaunoziva, nhasi tsanangudzo induction zvaitwa nemutoo zvakajeka zvakakwana - muitiro uyu kukwira ari nharo nevanhu vakawanda vanopesana nokutonga kuti generalize mhedziso yavo chikwata. Yaanobhadhara kunosanganisira scoring kufamba mune dzimwe nhungamiro - kubva generalized mhedziso kune mumwe zviteshi izvo zvinokosha kuti zvose zvinhu kuti vanoumba kupiwa yakatarwa.

Kana tikafunga muchikwata che induction uye yaanobhadhara mumaratidzirwo yavo dzakaitika kukura, mufananidzo zvikuru kuoma.

In kare neMiddle Ages, nyanzvi vainyanya kushandisa yaanobhadhara, chikuru kubudirira uye chimiro chakanga Aristotle kuti syllogistic. Sezvambotaurwa, pfungwa pano chinotungamirwa kubva axioms kusvikira private mutongo. To nokuziva mitemo yezvinhu zvakasikwa kushandisa nzira kwakadaro hakusi inobudirira nekuti nzira iyi haana kuvimba chiitiko. Kuvakira ruzivo anogona induction chete, kunosanganisira kudzidza inofamba nomunhu chokwadi, izvo amenable kune experimental ongororo, kuti mukuru zvokudya. Sezvineiwo, induction chinorondedzerwa Aristotle pachake, zvisinei, haana mari kwake nguva yake chero zvesayenzi uye rinoshanda kukosha. Asi ini vanoona simba methodological mudziyo waiva Francis Bacon uye Descartes vakava nenhungamiro kushanda nemhaka experimental ongororo chokwadi. masayendisiti ava vakaratidza kuti induction uye yaanobhadhara anogona kuita mukuziva nokudenga mabasa.

Induction, kuita sechinhu chakarongwa kufunga, inoshandiswa zvikuru mune zvishande muitiro. inductive pfungwa algorithm iri sezvinotevera: Detective akafanana ehupfumi zvinhu mukirasi chete, nokuziva nyaya formulates mhedziso pamusoro vose vari vose nyaya vanoumba boka. Kuburikidza nekutumirwa kwemauto algorithm ichi pfungwa, zvakanzi vawana mutemo wesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi, makateyiwa mifananidzo mumhepo dzvinyiriro vajairira nezvimwe ukama empirical kuti zviripo zvaioneka mamiriro.

Yaanobhadhara, achiratidza sangano pfungwa kubva mukuru kune mumwe, vakaita zvechigarire basa kukura yokungotaura nesayenzi pane padariro mukuronga hypotheses pfungwa. Panyaya iyi ndiyo pokutangira inotungamirwa idzva hurongwa ruzivo.

Munezvimwe nesayenzi nzira induction uye yaanobhadhara anosangana mumwe zvikuru zvakafanana sezvo, semuenzaniso, kwetunhu uye pachisara kwavo kushandisa zvinoda chisarudzo kwakakodzera ndiyo nharaunda apo nzvimbo nerimwe nzira kunobereka mukuru kushanda.