Topsoil, dzine vashoma vane herbaceous miti - hwaro wokubereka

Topsoil, zvakazara vashoma vane herbaceous zvinomera muvhu sainzi inonzi turf. Kubva kuorera zvinakire nyika kunobva kwava pedyo. Ndosaka kunyange Franklin Delano Roosevelt (matatu-wechipiri purezidhendi weUnited States) akati vanhu, kuparadza ivhu, pakupedzisira zvinoparadza pacharo.

Muitiro ivhu inotungamirwa: sei kuorera zvose zvakasiyana?

Nokuti paumbwe ivhu panyika kunoratidzwa nenzendo akawanda. Pakutanga vadzingwa kuparadzwa dombo pasi zvinoitwa tembiricha kuchinja, mhepo uye mvura. Small zvidimbu akaumba marl - ichi ndicho zvicherwa chikuru (Goldstone, feldspar , etc.). Akapa mukana kugara Organic.

Chokutanga misha vakava mosses uye lichens, tusingaoneki. Kukwanisa kwavo kurarama anochinja zvakaturikidzaniswa, zvinova yakakodzera kuvapo imomo yepamusoro zvinomera. Inotevera Danho iri kare novimba okunze: zvikuru akanaka ezvinhu (yepamusoro kutonhora, zvishoma mwando, kushaya refu chando), ari nyore uye dzichimhanya muitiro akaenda mberi. Kureva, kumaodzanyemba nevhu vari akaumba dzichimhanya kupfuura kuchamhembe vavo. On ivhu-achiumba muitiro rinokanganisa Nzvimbo - mawere hadzikwanisi yokufungisisa mwando, mvura anomhanya pasi, izvozvo stagnates: pamusoro mawere uye mumipata ivhu rakasiyana.

Nokupfupikisa, tinogona kutaura kuti ivhu kufukidza nzvimbo yakasiyana yakasiyana unaku - kubva jecha nevhu, kwemakemikari - kubva pevhu podzolic kumusoro, mvura hurumende - kubva wakaisvonaka-chaivo kwazvo. In wakachena kwayo ivhu sechinhu kushoma chaizvo chimiro siyana subtypes pasi pokudzora siyana dzinongoitika zvinhu.

Ndeipi zita topsoil?

Soil Profile (profile vertically) ane akaturikidzana dzakawanda, inonzi horizons. Rokumusoro rakaorera rukoko ivhu (jengachenga) inonzi manyowa, rakatevera - kuchinja, wokupedzisira - ivhu-dzichiumbwa.

Pakukora uye sezvamunoita (kubereka) manyowa jengachenga kunoenderana yemberi panyika. Musoro yevanhu Impact ndiyo anokanganisa ivhu mamiriro - kukodzera nhaka nzira ivhu kurimwa kubudisa Ultra-soro zvirimwa anoparadza manyowa rukoko chiri Kuparara. Kuparadzwa kwemasango uye kakawanda moto vakachinja chiso nyika zvakasvibirira. Mhepo uye mvura kupedza kuparadza.

On hwevhu kushanda tusingaoneki mhenyu. Pakati basa ravo rinokosha vari: chirimwa residues (uswa, uswa, mashizha, manyoro, howa), mhuka zvasara (makonye, tumbuyu, mabhakitiriya, Micro-zvinenge). Organic uye makemikari anonzi manyowa, uye dzinoumba manyowa jengachenga. Microflora uye microfauna, vabati dzidzo uye kudzorerwa rakaorera, inonzi microbiocenosis.

vadanana akaturikidzana

Pevhu - marongera ivhu rakaorera rokutanga.

rukoko urwu nhema pasi redu petsoka - miriwo uye mhuka mapfupa. Under kwavo paiva zvipembenene mhenyu, akasiyana-siyana nehonye, enhunzi, inda. nhamba yavo anogona kusvika matani akawanda muzana hectare. Zvose izvi ndizvo akawandisa zvisikwa zviduku kwazvo kushingaira mararamiro, vachifambira, idyai, bereka, zvaikosha tsvina yevanhu, vanofa pakupedzisira. Dzavo zvisaririra yaora kuti chikuru ezvinhu. Topsoil, zvakazara vashoma vane herbaceous zvinomera, kunoitika chete pasi zvakanaka ezvinhu.

Vermicompost - marongera ivhu rakaorera wechipiri.

It rine tsvina microflora upenyu uye microfaunal rokutanga rukoko anoramba pachavo, chirimwa anoramba. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo pakukora kuchikosha - kusvika 20 masendimita. Vermicompost ndiye svikiro miriwo havasi isisina chete kuburikidza iyo, asi kuzoponesa (kukudziridza) kutapata yavo.

Penga rakadzika kurima (kuchera) rinoparadza rukoko vermicompost, uye mbeu yakawira pashure iyi, ipai simba chirimwa.

Biomineral (wechitatu) rukoko ivhu rakaorera.

The pamusoro rukoko ivhu, dzine vashoma vane rekushongedzesa, pevhu inodzivirira ivhu kubva kupwa kubva kune rumwe rutivi, pane dzimwe - anobvumira mwando dawo nechomumwoyo. At udzamu ichi zvaive uye yaora chirimwa anoramba, pamwe chete vermicompost. Nemakemikari siyana zvichiitika kuti layer kuunganidza biomineral fetiraiza kuti chirimwa kukura. Midzi miti inobatsira zvikuru muvhu (anenge saka yakadzika sezvo chirimwa kureba), kugamuchira zvakakwana zvokudya kubva rukoko urwu.

Zvakaturikidzaniswa chechina rakaorera - manyowa.

It inoshandisa zvigare pasi ezvinhu yoruzivo kuwana mhepo uye mwando, nokusika nemamwe yeHydrocarbon yeimwe, carbon dioxide, methane uye combustible biogases. Izvi zvinonzi biosynthesis, ndiye pave bioazotnye kuwanda. Izvi rukoko pamusoro ruoko rumwe rematsutso zvinomera, uye kuno rumwe - mbeu, uyewo zvigare uye microfauna Sechipanji uchibata carbon dioxide inobvisa uye methane. Saka akaumba bioazotnye ivhu kuunganidza.

The subsoil, nevhu - rechishanu rukoko ivhu rakaorera

It anoita kupanana magasi uye mwando Exchange ari kudzika masendimita 20.

Kupatsanura pakati nevhu Russian V. V. Dokuchaevu

Vasiliy Vasilevich Dokuchaev (1846-1903), mumwe geologist uye ivhu musayendisiti, akasika kupatsanura ivhu Russian. Pakati ivhu nziyo, iye akasarudzwa zvinotevera: ivhu, jecha, loam, peat, madota, pevhu, loam.

ivhu

Iyi yakaorera, inotonhorera mupfumi, asi zvakaoma-to-ivhu kurapwa. Kana dzaomeswa, vanova batana chaizvo. Kuti kuvandudza chimiro chavo zvakafanira kuti kuitisa ane wepagore akagadzirwa michina matanho: uone, kuita Deciduous pasi, mupfudze, dota uye peat.

jecha

Ichi unzenza, nyore permeable ivhu mvura. Ivo kwezvinoshandiswa mu potassium uye magnesium, zvinoda kuti nemarara, fetiraiza (mu mishonga diki) uye nyika pevhu. Chete muchiitiko ichi kunogona kuwanikwa manyoro topsoil.

loamy

nevhu ava yakaorera chaizvo: vava nemhepo rumwe rutivi, uye pane dzimwe - zvakanaka vanochengeta unyoro. Asi kana imi kuchera navo kakawanda pamusoro imwe gobvu goko kuti kunotadzisa kuti ingress kuti unyoro.

peat

nevhu aya husisipo calcium potassium, muduku phosphorus. Asi kana iwe wedzera jecha, madota uye chicherwa fetiraiza - kwapera nguva pasi rinova monotonous uye chaizvo wakaorera.

madota

nevhu akadaro akawanda Russia. In mamiriro avo - hafu madota, jecha kana nevhu zororo. chirimwa midzi munyika iyi, imwe mvura shoma, zvinoita retards kuti goko pamusoro pechiso.

pevhu

Topsoil, dzine vashoma vane rekushongedzesa, - tsanangudzo turf. nevhu aya akaumbwa pamusoro yakakura akazaruka nzvimbo kubva St. Petersburg kuna Kaliningrad uye Kamchatka. Unyoro uye zvakawanda wemarudzi rekushongedzesa pave microclimate rinokosha rakaorera layer iyo Anopfumisa zvinomera wakasimwa zvicherwa uye makemikari nyaya uyewo dema ivhu. nevhu izvi kubvira kare senzira uswa uye mafuro.

loamy

Idzi dziri nyore kupinza mwando, kwete wezvamatongerwe goko. Vakakurumidza kudziyirwa kumusoro. Agricultural tsika kwavari - pakatanga peat, mufudze uye mupfudze.

Modern kupatsanura pakati nevhu

Sezvo 50s remakore rechimakumi maviri kwave yakaiswa idzva systematization ivhu, kufungisisa chirwere zviratidzi pamusoro nhoroondo ivhu ezvinhu uye matsva ezvinhu dzezvakatipoteredza.

Ichangobva kupatsanura yakabudiswa muna 2000. Inonzi Profile-kuvabereki uye inorangarira sechivako ivhu Profile uye ayo zvivako.