The zvikuru kurwa Guru Patriotic War munhoroondo kuti: rokuremekedza, tafura

Chimwe chikamu chikuru cheHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, iyo Great Patriotic War, yakaita basa rakakurumbira uye rinokosha pakusunungura rimwe remakakatanwa emarudzi akawanda eropa muzana remakore rechi20.

Periodization yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri

Kutarisana kwemakore mashanu akaitwa munharaunda yezvezvematongerwo enyika aive chikamu cheSoviet Union, vanyori venhau dzakaitika vakaparadzaniswa kuva nguva nhatu.

1. Nguva I (22.06.1941-18.11.1942) inosanganisira kuchinja kweSUSR kumadzinza emasoja, kukanganisa kwehurongwa hwekutanga hwaHitler we "blitzkrieg", uyewo kusikwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu ekuchinja kwemauto ekutsigira nyika dzeCoalition.
2. Period II (19.11.1942 - kuguma kwa1943) yakabatana nekuchinja kukuru muhondo yehondo.
3. Period III (January 1944 - May 9, 1945) - kukundwa kunoparadza kwemauto eGermany anonzi fascist, kukudzingwa kwavo kubva munzvimbo dzeSoviet, kusunungurwa kwenyika yeSouth-Eastern neEastern Europe neRed Army.

Kuti zvose zvakatanga sei

Hondo huru kupfuura dzose dzeGreat Patriotic War dzakapfupika uye zvakanyatsotsanangurwa kanopfuura kamwechete. Nezveiyo ichakurukurwa munyaya ino.

Kutambudzwa kweGermany kusingatarisirwi nekukurumidzira kwePoland, uye kune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope, kwakatungamirira pakuitika kuti muna 1941 vafascists, pamwe nevakabatana, vakanga vatora masango makuru. Poland yakakundwa, uye Norway, Denmark, Holland, Luxembourg neBelgium - inoshandiswa. France inogona kurwisa mazuva makumi mana chete, mushure mokunge yakatorwawo. VaFascist vakapawo kukunda kukuru paBritish Expeditionary Force, mushure mokunge vakapinda munharaunda yeBalkans. Chimwe chipingamupinyi chikuru munzira yeGermany raiva Red Army, uye hondo huru dzeGreat Patriotic War dzakaratidza kuti simba uye mweya usina kupwanyika weSoviet vanhu kudzivirira rusununguko rwemusha wavo ndeimwe yezvikonzero zvinokosha mukurwisana kunobudirira kurwisana nemuvengi.

Bhuku reBarbarossa

Muchigadziro chekuraira kweGermany kweUSSR chaingova pawn, iyo yakakurumidza uye yakabviswa nyore, nokuda kwezvainzi inonzi mheni yehondo, mazano ayo akaiswa mu "Barbarossa chirongwa."

Kubudirira kwaro kwakaitwa pasi pekutungamirirwa kwaGeneral Friedrich Paulus. Maererano neurongwa uhwu, mauto eSoviet aifanira kukundwa munguva pfupi neGermany nevabatsiri varo, uye chikamu cheEuropean munharaunda yeSoviet Union chakatorwa. Zvakare, kupedza kuparadza uye kuparadzwa kweUSSR kwaifungidzirwa.

Hondo huru kupfuura dzose dzeGreat Patriotic War, mune imwe nhoroondo yakarongeka, inopupurira zvakajeka kuti rutivi rwavo rwakanga rwakaita sei pakutanga kwekurwisana uye kuti yakazoguma sei.

Chirongwa chekuda zvemaJalimane chaifunga kuti mumwedzi mishanu vaigona kukwanisa kutora maguta makuru eU.SR uye kusvika kune Arkhangelsk-Volga-Astrakhan. Hondo yekurwisana neUSSR yaifanira kupedzeredzwa nekuwa kwe1941. Adolf Hitler akaverenga pane izvi. Pamurairo wake, masimba ekumaodzanyemba akaisa pfungwa dzakanaka dzeGermany uye nyika dzeAllied. Ndeipi hondo huru dzeHondo yeGreat Patriotic ivo vaifanira kutsungirira kuitira kuti pakupedzisira vagutsikane nezvekusagona kwekutonga nyika yeGermany?

Zvaifungidzirwa kuti kurohwa kwaizoitwa nenzira nhatu kuitira kuti kukurumidze kukunda muvengi amire munzira yekutonga nyika:

• Central (mutsara Minsk-Moscow);
• Kumabvazuva (Ukraine neGungwa Dzvuku);
• North-West (nyika yeBaltic neLeningrad).

Hondo huru kupfuura dzose dzeGreat Patriotic War: kurwisana kweguta guru

Kuvhiya kwekutora Moscow kwakaitwa "Dutu". Yakatanga munaSeptember 1941.

Kushandiswa kwesarudzo yekubata guta guru reUSSR rakapiwa kuArmed Group Group, yakatungamirirwa naGeneral Marshal Fedor von Bock. Muvengi akapfuura Red Army kwete chete muhuwandu hwemauto (1.2 kaviri), asiwo mune zvombo (kanopfuura kaviri). Uye zvakadaro, hondo huru dzeGreat Patriotic War munguva pfupi yapfuura dzakaratidza kuti haichazorevi zvakare.

Kurwisana nemaJalimane mune izvi kunotungamirirwa nemauto eSouth-Western, North-Western, Western uye Reserve Fronts. Mukuwedzera, vatsigiri uye varwi vakaita zvekushingaira mumatambudziko.

Kutanga kwekutarisana

MunaOctober, nheyo huru yekudzivirirwa kweSoviet yakaputsika mukati mekutungamira: vaFascists vakabata Vyazma naBryansk. Mutsara wechipiri, wakapfuura pedyo neMohaisk, wakakwanisa kunonoka kukanganisa kwekanguva. Muna October 1941, mukuru weWest Front akava Georgy Zhukov, uyo akazivisa kukombwa kweMoscow.

Pakupera kwaOctober, kurwisana kwakaitika makiromita zana kubva muguta guru.

Zvisinei, kuwanda kwemauto ehondo uye hondo huru dzeGreat Patriotic War, yakaitwa panguva yekudzivirira kweguta, haina kubvumira maJermany kuti abate Moscow.

Chiitiko chekutendeuka mukati mehondo

Imwe munaNovember 1941 kuedza kwekupedzisira kweva fascists kukunda Moscow kwakadziviswa. Kubudirira kwakawanikwa muSoviet Army, nokudaro kuve nechokwadi chekugona kwekunyepedzera.

Mutemo weGermany waiti zvikonzero zvekukundikana kwemhepo yekuvhuvhura uye mudslides. Hondo huru kwazvo yeHarare Patriotic War yakavhiringidza kuvimba kwevaGermany mukutonga kwavo pachavo. Akatsamwa nekukundikana, muFührer akarayira kuti atore guta guru risati rava kutonhora kwechando, uye musi waNovember 15, vaFascist vakaedzazve kuunza chinotyisa. Pasinei nekurasikirwa kukuru, mauto eGermany akabudirira kupinda muguta.

Zvisinei, kufambira mberi kwavo kwakadziviswa, uye kuedza kwekupedzisira kweva fascists kupfuurira kusvika kuMoscow kwakaguma mukukundikana.

Kuguma kwa1941 kwakaratidzwa nekutyisidzira kweBlack Army kurwisa mauto ehondo. Mukutanga kwaJanuary 1942, yakafukidza yose yakatarisana. Mauto evapambi akadzingwa nemakiromita 200-250. Somugumisiro wesangano rakabudirira, mauto eSoviet akasunungura maRyazan, Tula, kuMoscow, pamwe nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeOrel, Smolensk, Kalinin. Munguva yekurwisana, Germany yakarasikirwa nemari yakawanda yemishonga, kusanganisira anenge 2500 zvombo zvehondo uye 1,300 matangi.

Hondo huru pane dzose dzeGreat Patriotic War, kunyanya hondo yeMoscow, yakaratidza kuti kukunda pamusoro pemuvengi kunogona, pasinei nehondo yepamusoro uye yepamusoro.

Chokwadi chinofadza pamusoro pehondo kuMoscow

Imwe yehondo dzinokosha kupfuura dzose dzehondo yevaSoviet dzinopikisa nyika dzeTreeple Alliance - hondo yeMoscow, yakanga yakajeka kuratidza hurongwa hwekuvhiringidza blitzkrieg. Masoja eSoviet akashandisa sei nzira dzekudzivirira kutorwa kweguta guru nevavengi.

Saka, panguva yekukwikwidza, mauto eRobert Army akatanga guru, 35 mamita, mabhiriyoni mudenga. Chinangwa chezviito zvakadaro ndechekuderedza kuona kwakarurama kweGermany mabhomba. Aya mauto akaenderera mberi kusvika kumakiromita gumi nemasere uye, aripo, akanyanya kuvhara basa revavengi.

Vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni manomwe vakapinda muhondo yeguta guru. Nokudaro, inofananidzwa seimwe yepamusoro.

Chimwe chinhu chinozivikanwa muhondo yeMoscow chakatambidzwa naMarshal Konstantin Rokossovsky, uyo akatungamira Hondo ye16. Mumakore ekupedzisira muna 1941, mauto ake akavhara Volokolamsk neLeningrad Highways, achidzivisa muvengi kuti arege kupinda muguta. Kuzvidzivirira munharaunda iyi kwakapedza vhiki mbiri: kuvhara kweIstra Reservoir kwakaputirwa, uye kusvika kumaguta kwakadanirwawo.

Chimwe chiitiko chinonakidza munhoroondo yehondo inoshamisa: pakati paOctober 1941, metro yeMoscow yakavharwa. Yaiva zuva roga roga munhoroondo yeMetro metro apo yaisashanda. Kuvhunduka kwakakonzerwa nechiitiko ichi, kwakatora izvo zvinonzi chigarire chevagari vemo - guta rakadururwa, vashandi vakatanga kushanda. Mamiriro ezvinhu akachengetedza urongwa hwekutora matanho ekudzivirira kune vapoteri uye vapambi, maererano nezvakaitwa kunyange nevatambudzi vakabvumidzwa. Izvi zvakamisa kuputika kwevanhu vakawanda kubva kuMoscow ndokumisa kutya.

Hondo ye Stalingrad

Hondo huru kupfuura dzose dzeHarare Patriotic War dzakaitika kunze kwemaguta makuru enyika. Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha kupikisana kwaiva hondo yeStartrad, iyo yakabvisa chikamu kubva munaJuly 17, 1942 kusvika munaFebruary 2, 1943.

Chinangwa chevaGermany mune izvi chinangwa chaive chibudirira kumaodzanyemba kweU.SR, apo mabhizimisi akawanda emadhipatimendi etimetallurgical uye ezvokuchengetedza akanga aripo, pamwe chete nenyaya huru yekudya.

Kuumbwa kweStalingrad Front

Mukati yezvinonyangadza nemauto eva fascists uye avo vanobatana navo, mauto eSoviet akawana kurasikirwa kukuru muhondo dzeKharkov; Iyo South-Western Front yakakundwa; Mapoka nemitemo ye Red Army yakapararira, uye kusavapo kwenzvimbo dzakasimbiswa uye mazamu akazaruka akapa maGermany kusununguka kusununguka kuCaucasus.

Izvozvo, zvinotaridzika, mamiriro asina tariro eSoviet Union akaiswa muHitler kuvimba mukubudirira kunokurumidza. Pamashoko ake, uto re "South" rakakamurwa kuva zvikamu zviviri - chinangwa chechikamu che "A" chaiva kutora North Caucasus, uye chikamu che "B" - Stalingrad, uko Volga yakayerera - iyo mvura yakawanda yemauto emunyika.

Munguva pfupi Rostov-on-Don akatorwa, uye maGermany akatamira ku Stalingrad. Nemhaka yekuti mukati maro maive mauto maviri pakarepo, hove huru yakaumbwa. Somugumisiro, rimwe remauto akarayirwa kudzokera kuCaucasus. Uku kunonoka kwakanonoka kukanganisa kwevhiki rose.

Muna July 1942, sangano reStalingrad Front rakaumbwa, chinangwa chayo chaive chekudzivirira guta kubva muvengi uye kuronga kuzvidzivirira. Zvose zvakaoma zvebasa racho ndezvokuti zvikwata zvitsva zvakanga zvisati zvambova nehutano hwekubatana, kwakanga kusina zvombo zvakakwana, uye kwakanga kusina zvivako zvekudzivirira.

Mauto eSoviet akanga akakwirira kuGermany maererano nehuwandu hwevanhu, asi akanga ari pasi pavo kaviri kaviri mumashandi uye nhumbi, izvo zvakanga zvisingachaitiki.

Kurwisana kwakanyanya kweRwanda Army kwakarambidza kupinda muvengi weStartrad, asi muna September hondo yakabva kune dzimwe nzvimbo dziri kunze kusvika kumiganhu yeguta. Pakupera kwaAugust, maGermany akaisa pasi Stalingrad kuti aparadze, kutanga agadzirira bombardment, ndokubva adzoka mabhomba uye mabhiri anouraya pairi.

Operation "Ring"

Vagari veguta vakarwa nemamita ose enyika. Mugumisiro wekupikisana kwemwedzi yakawanda kwaiva kuchinja kwehondo: munaJanuary 1943, kushanda "Ring", iyo yakatora mazuva makumi maviri nemaviri, yakatanga.

Mugumisiro waro waiva kukundwa kwemuvengi, kuparadzwa kwemauto ake uye kuzvipira kwemauto akasara musi waFebruary 2. Iko kubudirira kwaive kubudirira kwechokwadi mumakore ehondo, kwakazunungusa nzvimbo yeGermany ndokubvunzurudza simba rayo kune dzimwe nyika. Akapa Soviet vanhu tariro yekukunda mune ramangwana.

Hondo yeKursk

Kukundwa kwemauto eGermany nevabatsiri varo muStalingrad vakakurudzira Hitler, kuitira kuti vasachengetedze mafungiro emagetsi mukati memubatanidzwa enyika dzeChipikirwa cheTatu, vakasarudza kuita basa guru pakurwisana neRobert Army, code-inonzi Citadel. Hondo yakatanga musi waJuly 5 wegore iroro. VaGermany vakatumira matangi matsva akanga asingatyi mauto eSoviet, ayo akavapa kushanda kwakasimba. Nenguva yaJuly 7, mauto ose maviri akanga arasikirwa nehuwandu hwevanhu uye zvigadzirwa, uye hondo yeTangi kuDodgers yakaita kuti kurasikirwa kwenhamba yakawanda yevaGermany nemichina. Izvi zvakava chinhu chinokosha chekuderera kwevascists muchamhembe chikamu cheKursk salient.

Rekodi tank hondo

Musi waJuly 8, hondo huru ye tangi hondo yeGreat Patriotic War yakatanga pedyo neProkhorovka. Kubatanidzwa mukati maro kwakatora mapoka anenge gumi nemaviri ehondo. Nharo yacho yakagara kwemazuva mazhinji. Mhedziso iyi yakauya musi waJuly 12, apo mauto maviri ezvigadzirira akaitwa pedyo neProkhorovka, iyo yakaguma mumutezo. Pasinei nokuti hapana mumwe wemapato akatora danho guru, chigumbu cheGermany chakagadziriswa, uye musi waJuly 17 chikwata chekudzivirirwa chehondo chakaendeswa kune chinonyangadza. Mugumisiro waro waiva kuti vaNazi vakakandirwa kumashure kwekumaodzanyemba kweKursk Bulge, kune nzvimbo dzavo dzepakutanga. MunaAugust, Belgorod neEgondo vakasunungurwa.

Ndeipi hondo huru yakagumisa Hondo yePatriotic? Iyi hondo yakanga iri kurwisana neKursk Bulge, iyo yakagadziriswa yekusunungurwa kweKharkov musi waAugust 23, Yaiva chiitiko icho chakagumisa mhando dzehondo huru munharaunda yeU.SR uye yakaratidza kutanga kwekusunungurwa kweEurope nemauto eSoviet.

Hondo huru dzeGreat Patriotic War: tafura

Kuti unzwisise zviri nani zvehondo yehondo, kunyanya maererano nehondo dzayo dzinokosha, pane tafura inoratidza periodicity yezviri kuitika.

Hondo huru dzeGreat Patriotic War, mazita avo anozivikanwa nhasi kune vanhu vezera ripi neripi, vakava uchapupu husinganzwisisiki hwe simba remweya uye kuda kweSoviet vanhu, izvo zvakadzivisa kuumbwa kwesimba rechiscist kwete kwete munharaunda yeU.SR, asi munyika yose.