The abolition kuti serfdom muRussia

Muna 1861 chiitiko chakaitika iyo aitarisirwa, mberi vanhu vazhinji iyoyo Russia, uye izvo mararamiro nhoroondo nokusingaperi. Emperor Alexander II akapa Manifesto kuti akaita vanhuwo zvavo sezvo vakasununguka, havana kuvimba Varidzi. Chii chakaita kuti mambo kutora danho iri? Chii vaiva zvikonzero abolition kuti serfdom muRussia?

Background uye zvikonzero kuchinja

Pakazosvika makore namapfumbamwe remakore, kudiwa kuchaitwa serfdom akazova uye pachena zvikuru. Nokushingaira kuva musika ukama kuwedzera kudziviswa pavaishanda basa nemamiriro vanhuwo zvavo. Munguva 1840s, nyika vakatanga kwemaindasitiri - kuchinja kubva remaoko kuti michina. The Kugadzirwa mafekitari zvinomera aida basa, izvo husisipo - the landlords here kuva pasina chisingapembedzwi basa. Kana ivo yakabudisa murimi mudiki kuti basa, izvozvo anoisa mamiriro kupa kumwene mari ndakawana. Izvi Chokwadi, vakawedzera mari basa uye mberi makadzivisa kukura indasitiri.

Ndichengetedze serfdom beater uye kurima. The Kuvapo kumanikidzwa murimi mudiki basa makadzivisa kukura mberi ruzivo pamusoro kurimwa, pakatanga zvokurima rwokugadzira. The landlords vaiva nyore nzira - zvamakaparadza murimi mudiki Holdings uye kuwedzera serfdom. mutemo uyu chakaita varimi kuti zvakawanda varombo, uye landlords - kuti kusauka. Makurukota kuwedzera kupinda muchikwereti, takaita matunhu yavo. Mukupera 1850s, 65% of serfs dzakaiswa mune mabhanga varidzi akafanana chaiyo chero wemunda. Naizvozvo, abolition kuti serfdom muRussia aigona kuitika zvishoma mumwe nzira - kuti hurumende zvingava zvakakwana kuti abvise landlords 'Estates nokuda kwechikwereti. Asi zvingava kukonzera mumwe kubvuta masimba d'pokupidigura hurumende nechisimba, uye danho rakadaro, Alexander II, Chokwadi, haana kuenda.

Kuedza zvimwe kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu vanhuwo zvavo uye hurumende iri kuita pamberi. Saka, muna 1803 akanga wakabudiswa youmambo chirevo "On vakasununguka varimi", pasi izvo varimi mukaputsa akasununguka muusungwa rudzikinuro. Asi kuti kuva akasununguka nguva kubva 1803 kusvika 1825 takakwanisa vanhu zviuru chete 47. Chikonzero chaiva yakakwirira rudzikinuro - 400 rubles pamunhu sirivha, uye kusada kwenyika Varidzi kuparadzana chisingapembedzwi basa. Muna 1804-1805 gg. muna Livonia uye Estland vanhuwo zvavo vakaita hwose vanoshandisa munyika yavo, uye dzakabvumirwa zvakaitika kwavari nhaka. Kuwedzerwa uye kodzero dzavo - muna 1801 vakabvumirwa risi nyika, uye gare gare akabvumira kuti kuchinjanisa uye kuita pamusara. Kubva 1844, hurumende akatanga kuchinja zvinhu vanonzi uwandu, maererano iyo akasimbisa nhamba chaiyo nyika mabasa vakanga vapinda mune mazita - vanonzi Inventory. muunganidzwa wavo haana kupera nokuda kurwisa ari landlords. Nokuti madenderedzwa Mutongo riri kuramba pachena kuti zvizorwa kuchinja munzvimbo iyi regai - zvinoda abolition zvakakwana serfdom muRussia.

Murimi mudiki Kusagutsikana avo ezvinhu ikakura roga gore. Kunyanya nayo yakawedzera pashure kundikana Crimean War, izvo akarwarisa mamiriro ezvinhu emari munyika. Munguva kubva 1856 kusvika 1860 muna Russia yakanga 815 murimi mudiki yokumukira (nokuti kuenzanisa. Mumakore 1850-1855 kwaiva anokwana 215). The kukundwa muhondo uye akashanda pamusoro madenderedzwa Mutongo: zvakava pachena kuti Russia akarasika, zvikurukuru pamusana wayo zvoupfumi backwardness. Hongu, uye kukura murimi mudiki kumukira havana zvinogona kuzoipa hapana chakanaka hurumende. Saka, mamiriro ezvinhu umo paiva abolition kuti serfdom kuRussia, rinogona zvishoma kurondedzerwa sezvinotevera: ndiye zvoupfumi uye ngozi munhu murimi mudiki hondo.

gadziriro yacho kuchinja

March 30, 1856, Alexander II akataura Moscow kwamachinda kutaura umo akarondedzera mamiriro ezvinhu munyika uye vakati kuti zviri nani kuti asunungure vanhuwo zvavo hurumende mauto uye landlords kusvikira vakaita izvozvo pachavo. Saka mambo haana zvisingarevi zvakawanda shandisweyi nevanokudzwa kuchinja remangwana hakudzivisiki.

First mabasa nekodzero dzevanhu pamusoro serfs vakasimudza Secret Committee musi murimi mudiki Affairs, asi zvaioneka migumisiro yemabasa ayo asina kupiwa, uye ipapo muna 1858 kusvika pakugadzirira zvinhu akakwezva rakasiyana denderedzwa vanhu. dzematunhu makomiti vakuru vakanga vakagadzirira kuchinja zvirongwa dzakatangwa, vakange vatumwa kuna Main Committee. zvirongwa izvi vanoonekwa drafting basa aivapo panguva komiti. The murimi mudiki mubvunzo chakakurukurwa pachaunga, yakaitwa kuchinja kusingarapiki. Sezvaigona kutarisirwa, ivo landlords ari abolition kuti serfdom kuRussia, kuti akariisa zvinyoronyoro, haafadzwi. Vazhinji zvirongwa akamupa amachinda matare, aida kusunungura vanhuwo zvavo kana kuti kwete achivapa nyika, kana kusiya shoma minda. Liberal vatungamiriri (K.D.Kavelin, A.M.Unkovsky) akataura kuti varimi takasunungurwa pasi, asi wemuno. In Pakupedzisira, akarurama shanduro anochinja uye vakagamuchira Drafting Committee. Asi zvino, vakawanda zvokudya zvayo akaita nani Varidzi.

Reform aro nechirevo

Pakupedzisira, 19 February 1861 , panguva gore rokutonga kwake, Alexander II akabvuma Manifesto nemirau yacho murimi mudiki kuchinja. The aburuka vanhuwo zvavo vakava "mumaruwa vagari" uye rusununguko masangano uye zvoupfumi kodzero. Zvino regai kuvimba muridzi uye vanogona kusarudza basa ravo - zvokutengeserana, vanoita rwokugadzira, kuzvidzora kuita chero kutengeserana, kutamira mamwe matunhu, kudzivirira kodzero dzavo mudare, kuroorana pasina munhu mvumo. Nyika yavo vanhuwo zvavo vakanga kutenga kubva muridzi. 20-25% uwandu vairipira pachavo, uye vamwe inobhadharwa neHurumende. Asati kuripwa mugove wayo vomuridzi womunda vanhuwo zvavo kwainzi sezvo kwenguva duku, kureva, aifanira kuita zvose yapfuura basa. Sezvo nyika yashambidzwa vanofadza muridzi, yezwi ruregerero rwakatambanudzwa kwenguva refu. Kana kwete nokuti zvikwereti zviri Varidzi kusvika mamiriro, vanovamanikidza kubvumirana kutenga nyika vanhuwo zvavo, kuti abolition kuti serfdom muRussia kuti ruchatambanudzirwa kuti kusaverengeka. Nokuti vanhuwo zvavo, kutenga nyika akatendeuka makore youranda - mari inobhadharwa neHurumende, vakanga vadzoka kwemakore 49, saka kunyange mubereko.

Asi, pasinei nezvikanganiso ayo murimi mudiki kuchinja akanga kunobatsira upfumi hwenyika. Kushandurwa vanhuwo zvavo kupinda akasununguka varidzi akavapa mukana wokuita pamusika ukama. The Indasitiri akakwanisa kuita kuti basa kwezvokudya. Uye Chikurukuru - the kuchinja of nhangaruvanze kuti kuchinja itsva munyika - the County, nezvakatongwa, zvemari, zvechiuto uye nezvimwe kuchinja kuti zvakachinja kwoupfumi uye enyika nemamiriro Russian Empire.