Hondo Africa: pakarongwa zvinokonzera, nhoroondo uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

Zvikuru kusagadzikana mudunhu iri redu tichitarisa muhondo uye kurwisana vakawanda zvombo Zvechokwadi, kuti kondinendi African. pano chete paiva zvinopfuura 50 zviitiko zvakadaro, dzikavauraya vanopfuura mamiriyoni 5 vanhu mumakore mana apfuura, vapoteri mamiriyoni 18 uye mamiriyoni 24 vakasiyiwa vasina misha. Zvichida kumwe dzenyika uye kusingaperi kusawirirana haanamati kudaro pamwero mukuru rufu nokuparadzwa.

tsananguro

Ancient History World anotiudza kuti hondo zvikuru Africa vaitova chiuru chemakore chechitatu BC. Vakatanga kubatana venyika vechiIjipiti. Gare gare Farao ndaingogara kuti kuwedzera kwavo mamiriro pamwe namaParistina, neSiriya. Maiziva matatu Punic War, urwo rwakatora kwamakore anopfuura zana.

KuMiddle Ages kurwisana nezvombo vakabatsira zvinooneka kuti pakuzadzisa vanotyaira nomutemo uye honed pakukwana unyanzvi hondo. Africa chete XIII remakore, akamborara matatu muHondo. A refu pamazita muchiuto nharo, iyo pasi kondinendi iri XIX uye XX emakore, kunoshamisa! Zvisinei, chinonyanya kurwadza kwaari akava wekutanga Second World Wars. Chete panguva imwe iyo vakauraya vanopfuura zviuru 100. Man.

The World First War mu Africa

Zvikonzero kaienda muchiuto akavhiyiwa munharaunda vaibudirira husingarambiki. Sezvaunoziva, muHondo Yenyika Yokutanga muEurope yakakanda Germany. Entente nyika kuti vanoshora yakakuwandira yayo, vakasarudza kutora kuva mapoka vake Africa, iyo hurumende German awana achangobva. Idzi vakanga vachiri havaratidzi kudzivirirwa, uye akapiwa kuti zvikepe yeBritain panguva iyoyo akanga inodzorwa pagungwa, uye vose vakanga kubviswa nyika mai vavo. Zvinogona kureva chete chinhu - Germany akanga asingakwanisi kutumira vavabatsire uye zvombo. Uyewo, German dzaidzorwa takakombwa maererano nenharaunda isiri vavengi vavo zvachose - the Entente nyika.

Nechekare mukupera muzhizha ra1914 French uye British mauto vakakwanisa utape muvengi wokutanga raitongwa diki - Togo. Uyezve huchipinda mauto omubatanidzwa muna South West Africa aiva mashoma akarembedzwa. Chikonzero ichi chaiva kumukira Boers, yakanga woutsinye chete February 1915. Pashure paizvozvo uto South African akanga mberi nokukurumidza, uye muna July akamanikidzira mauto eGermany yakamira South-West Africa, kuzvipira. Gore rakatevera, aifanira kusiya Germany uye Cameroon, iyo nevanozvitsigira akatizira pedyo munzvimbo - Spanish Guinea. Zvisinei, pasinei pachine ichi nokukunda pamusoro omubatanidzwa mauto, vanhu vokuGermany vakanga vachiri kukwanisa kuva chakakomba mumweya East Africa, apo vachirwisana kusvikira hondo.

Uyezve kurwa

The First World War muna Africa sei mapoka akawanda vatsigiri, sezvo mauto eGermany vaifanira shure kundima zvevaPolish British Crown. Mauto eGermany munzvimbo akarayira Colonel P. of Lettow-Vorbeck. Ndiye akatungamirira mauto pakutanga November 1914, apo paiva kupfuura hondo muguta Tanga (Indian Ocean). Panguva ino, mauto eGermany akanga vanenge 7 zviuru. Man. Achitsigirwa sevatsvaki vemapuranga maviri, Britain akakwanisa kumahombekombe pamhenderekedzo gumi nevaviri transports revarwi, asi pasinei ichi, Colonel Paul of Lettow-Vorbeck akakwanisa kuhwina kuondomoka akunde British, vanovamanikidza vabve kubhengi.

Pashure paizvozvo hondo muna Africa yave rakavapo kuva remagandanga hondo. VokuGermany vakarwisa British nhare vasanyanya munjanji Kenya uye Rhodesia. hondo yake Paul of Lettow-Vorbeck kukasawedzerwa ne vanopinza vanozvipira pakati veko vaiva kudzidzisa zvakanaka. All iye akakwanisa vanenge 12 zviuru. Man.

Muna 1916, zvakabatana muhondo imwe chete, British, Portuguese uye zveBelgium mauto yaitonga yakatanga inogumbura iri kumabvazuva Africa. Asi vakaedza, vakanga vasingakwanisi kukunda hondo German. Pasinei nokuti batana mauto vashoma zvikuru mauto German, Paul of Lettow-Vorbeck akabatsira kuchengeta zviviri: ruzivo okunze uye mamiriro enzvimbo. Zvichakadaro vavengi vake vakatambura inorema nezvinhu, uye kwete chete muhondo, asi nekuda chirwere. Mukupera Mumatsutso 1917, yakadzinganisa nokuda vatsigiri, Colonel P. of Lettow-Vorbeck akazviratidza nehondo yake pamusoro munharaunda muhutongi Mozambique, vaiva panguva Portugal.

Kuguma ruvengo

Rava kupera kuvakwa World War First. Africa uye Asia, uyewo Europe, akatambudzika inorema vanotambura. By August 1918 vakakomba pamusoro zvose kumativi nemauto German, tichidzivisa huru ehondo muvengi, dzakamanikidzwa kudzokera kunharaunda yavo. Panozopera gore iroro, vakasara yaitonga mauto Paul of Lettow-Vorbeck, zvinosanganisira haana kupfuura zviuru 1.5. Vanhu vaiva Northern Rhodesia, raiva panguva iyoyo Britain. Pano Colonel akaziva pokukundwa Germany uye rakamanikidzwa kuisa pasi zvombo zvavo. Nokuti ushingi muhondo nemuvengi, akanga akakwazisa segamba munyika yake.

Saka kupera Hondo Yenyika Wokutanga. Africa, zvaibatsira, maererano nokumwe kufungidzira, dzinenge 100 zviuru. Lives. Pavairwa pamusoro kondinendi uye havana kusarudza, asi vakaramba rose hondo.

nyika

Sezvo chikazozikamwa, pamwero mukuru vemauto akavhiyiwa muAtlantic ne Nazi Germany muna 30-40-ies wekupedzisira remakore sei kwete chete munharaunda Europe. Chimwe maviri kondinendi kwave haana Second World War. Africa, Asia vakanga zvinobatanidzwa, kunyange zvishomanana, mune ichi chikuru kunetsana.

Kusiyana Britain, Germany akanga atova pachavo misha yavo, asi nguva dzose vaiti. Kuti remadza emari muvengi kwayo chikuru - England, vokuGermany yakasarudza kuumba kudzora North Africa, sezvo chete nenzira iyi zvaibvira kuti kune dzimwe British ari mapoka - India, Australia neNew Zealand. Uyezve, zvimwe chikonzero nei Hitler kukunda North African nyika dzakanga mberi nechisimba yake Iran uye Iraq, apo paiva zvinokosha deposits mafuta, dzinodzorwa neBritain.

Raitika ruvengo

The Second World War muna Africa kwemakore matatu - kubva June 1940 kusvikira May 1943. Pemauto mukurwisana uku vaiva kune rumwe rutivi, Britain neUnited States, uye rumwe - Germany uye Italy. Huru Kurwa nharaunda weIjipiti Maghreb. The kunetsana vakatanga nechisimba rokuItari mauto Ethiopia, izvo yekudyidzana kuzvidza kutonga Britain munharaunda iyi.

Pakutanga, North Africa pamushandirapamwe akanga wakapindwa 250 zviuru. Italian muchiuto, yakazonzi kubatsira mumwe zviuru 130.. Masoja German, ane vakawanda matangi atirari zvidimbu. Uyewo wakashamwaridzana hondo USA uye UK totaled 300 zviuru. US uye vanopfuura zviuru 200. British mauto.

zvimwe zviitiko

The nehondo North Africa akatanga nepfungwa yokuti pane June 1940, Britain akatanga kukonzera vanyatsoona rinopamura hondo Italian, somugumisiro chaakakurira pakarepo akarasika zviuru inoverengeka varwi vayo, ukuwo British - kwete mazana anopfuura maviri. Pashure kukundwa ichi, hurumende Italian asarudza kupa murayiro mauto mumaoko Marshal Graziani uye hapana kukanganisa pamwe nesarudzo. Nechekare 13 September wegore iroro akatanga kurwisa, kumanikidza British General O'Connor shure nokuda chinokosha kushandisa nemuvengi wake manpower. Mushure vokuItaly vakakwanisa andobata muIjipita taundi duku Sidi Barrani, kurwisa wacho ambomiswa kwenguva refu mwedzi mitatu.

Usingafungiri Graziani pakupera 1940, mauto General O'Connor raMwari yakatanga inogumbura. Libyan mashandiro vakatanga kurwiswa rimwe vokuItaly mapoka. pachena Graziani haana kugadzirira Mugumisiro wakadaro, saka haana kukwanisa kuronga kwakakodzera kurambwa kuti mupikisi ake. The kufambira mberi British mauto Italy nokusingaperi akarasika misha yaro muna North Africa.

Mamiriro hwachinja muchando 1941, apo achibatsirwa nomutsigiri wake, murayiro yaHitler akatumira warrior vamapoka General Rommel. Atova March, hondo yakatanga muna Africa nesimba rakawedzerwa. Joint mauto eGermany uye Italy akaita wakaomarara kurwadzisa yokuBritain kudzivirira, zvachose kuparadza mumwe yomuvengi warrior brigades.

Kuguma Kwenyika

Muna November wegore iroro, Britain akaita kuedza chechipiri counterattack, yakatanga kuvhiyiwa codenamed "Crusader". Vakatokwanisa zvingakusembura Tripoletaniyu, asi muna December vakanga varega mauto Rommel raMwari. Muna May 1942, mukuru mukuru German rakarova inokosha kurwadzisa kuti muvengi paaizvidzivirira, uye Britain dzakamanikidzwa shure zvakadzika kuIjipiti. Anokunda tsamwisa kusvikira kusvikira 8th omubatanidzwa hondo haina kuvhiringidzwa ne Al Alamein. Panguva ino, pasinei nezvingaedzwa kuitwa, vanhu vokuGermany havana vanokwanisa kupaza okuchengetedza yeBritain. Zvichakadai, mutungamiri rechi8 Army akagadza General Montgomery, uyo akatanga kuva mumwe chirongwa kurwiswa, apo zvinobudirira kuramba kuratidza kurwisa mauto eNazi.

Muna October wegore iroro, British mauto akabata zvakasimba kurwadzisa Rommel vemauto dzakabatana vamire Al-Alamein. Izvi zvakaguma wakakwana kukundwa wemauto mbiri - muGermany uye Italy, avo dzakamanikidzwa shure kumuganhu Omani. Mukuwedzera, vokuBritain vakasvika kubatsira vokuAmerica yakawira pamusoro African kurutivi November 8. Rommel akatanga aiva mukuedza kumisa dzairwisa, asi hazvina kubudirira. Mumwe mukuru German rinonzi kumusha kwavo.

Rommel aiva noruzivo wemauto, uye ake kurasikirwa kwaireva chinhu chimwe chete - hondo Africa yakapera kuItari uye Germany muna zvachose kukundwa. Pashure paizvozvo Britain neUnited States kunge yekudyidzana akasimbisa nzvimbo dzavo mudunhu. Uyewo, akasunungura mauto vakakanda haizopereri kubatwa kweItaly.

The yechipiri yezana XX remakore

With pakaguma Hondo Yenyika II kunetsana mu Africa haana rapera. Mumwe nomumwe, kumukirana, izvo dzimwe nyika yakura kupinda renguva pamwero utsinye. Saka, kamwe payo yakatanga hondo yevagari mu Africa anogona kwemakore kana kunyange emakore. Muenzaniso uyu ndiwo intra-vakapakata kunetsana kuEthiopia (1974-1991), Angola (1975-2002), Mozambique (1976-1992), Algeria uye Sierra Leone (1991-2002), Burundi (1993-2005), Somalia (1988 ). In wokupedzisira munyika idzi, hondo haina kupera asi. Uye ichi ndicho chete chikamu chiduku zvose pre-yaivapo uye kuramba nhasi mauto kukakavara yacho African.

Zvinokonzera vemauto achisangana zhinji midzi yomunharaunda akapoteredza, uyewo nhoroondo ezvinhu. Kutanga 60-ies wekupedzisira remakore, vakawanda dzomuAfrica yawana rusununguko, uye chetatu chazvo pakarepo akatanga kurwa, uye muna 90 kurwa akanga atova 16 inoti.

hondo ano

Muzana rino remakore, mamiriro ezvinhu ari kondinendi African haana kuchinja zvikuru. Pane kuchiri kuenderera pamwero mukuru geopolitical nokubatanidzwazve, pasi iyo hapana mubvunzo upi kuwedzera pamwero kuchengeteka mudunhu. Mamiriro akaoma zveupfumi uye rikwanise kuperevedza mari chete sembura zvinhu.

Kune kubudirira nechitsotsi, maoko pamutemo uye kutengesa zvinodhaka, mamwe sembura uye saka pane zvakaoma tsotsi mamiriro ezvinhu munharaunda. Uyezve, ichi zvose zviri kuitika tikafunga yakakwirira zvikuru hwevanhu kukura, uye hapana munhu kudzorwa kutama.

Kuedza localize kurwisana

Zvino sokuti hondo Africa kusingaperi. Sezvaratidzwa, anochengetedza runyararo munyika dzakawanda, kuedza kurambidza vakawanda kurwisana nezvombo kondinendi, zvakaratidza isashande. Somuenzaniso unogona kutora kanenge zvinotevera chokwadi: UN mauto kuti chikamu 57 nokurwisana, uye kakawanda, zviito zvavo havana kukanganiswa kwavo chikoro.

Sezvinofungwa nevakawanda vakatenda kuti blames ari bureaucratic kunonoka kuti anochengetedza runyararo mishoni uye kushaya kuziva mamiriro chaiwo ari kukurumidza kuchinja. Uyezve, mauto UN vari chaizvo vashoma, uye zvinobviswa nyika vakagamuchira hondo kunyange isati rwunotanga vaumbe hurumende kushanda.