Novgorod Russia: zvaidiwa pakukura pfupi, nhoroondo, tsika nemagariro, unyanzvi, vatongi

Shoko rokuti "Novgorod Rus" Kazhinji aishanda kusvikira nhoroondo nguva apo Novgorod akanga enyika akazvimirira, uye mukati maro maiva romuMiddle zvokuvhoterwa. guta rino uye ayo nyika pasi akaramba vanokosha pakati mumwe East necheSalvic zvemisoro. Pano pakanga yayo simba Unit, tsika, dzidzo uye kunyange mutauro.

kuzvimirira mavambo

Ancient Rus akasimuka mugore 882, mushure Novgorod muchinda Oleg yakakunda Kiev uye akariita ake guta. Kubvira ipapo, enyika nzvimbo kuchamhembe imwe nguva akatanga kuridza yechipiri basa. Asi kunyange zvakadaro, aiva machinda navarayiri kuonekwa pano, uyo akabata nechepakati simba uye akaendawo mambo Kiev (Vladimir Mukuru uye Yaroslav Mudry).

The mamiriro ezvinhu akachinja zvinoshamisa kana chimwe Russian pakusava yakakamurwa anoverengeka akazvimirira zvemisoro. Vose zvinodzorwa nenhengo Rurik dzinza. Izvi zvakazoita kuti chidzoke uye kunyangarika mibatanidzwa ukuru, mose hakusi uye ropa. Veliky Novgorod pamusoro pakanyorwa zviitiko izvi uyewo vaisagona kubatsira asi funga pachavo rusununguko rwavo.

Vanyori venhoroondo dzekare vanobvuma kuti nguva gavhuna pamahombekombe ari Volkhov dzakaguma 1136. Zvadaro, maererano mutongo yedare, iye akadzingirwa Prince Vsevolod Mstislavovich, iro raitangira panguva Hondo takamirira makomo kuzorwa mauto Yuriya Dolgorukogo. Kiev appointee woumbwende akatungamirira, chokutanga, kuti chokwadi kuti akanga asara asina nhaka, uye chepiri kuti vazive kuti paiva yakazvimirira Novgorod Russia.

polity

Kutanga kubva 1136, vanhu Novgorod, akasarudza machinda avo, vachisiya agnatic ukuru uye nezvimwe zvinotaurwa yenhaka, vakagamuchirwa mune dzakawanda ukuru Russian. Rinokosha uremu mu sarudzo uye vane posadniki tysyatskiye. Ndivo Vanokudzwa revatongi pamhuri pachimwe munzvimbo rinoitirwa. Vanosarudzwa ne Chamber.

Novgorod Russia aisagona kurarama kupengereka pasina tysyatskogo. Munhu ari munzvimbo iyi yaiva basa kutengeserana zvose muguta. Akanga ari mutariri kuyananisa dare, apo vatengesi akanga asarudza nharo, kazhinji vatorwa. guta zvakanaka zvaitsamira kutengeserana Europe. Ndiye aiva suo kusvikira yose East necheSalvic nharaunda, apo kumavirira akaita isingawanzowanikwi mbava squirrels, Martens, sables, uye zvimwe guru tikiti zvinhu.

Uyewo tysyatsky muna Chamber raimiririra zvinodiwa aburuka kwamachinda uye vanonzi vanhu vatema, iro rakanga rizere Novgorod Rus. Vaiva varombo zvavo dzomumaguta vagari vasina neropafadzo. Kazhinji, kuti vave Posadnik (chaizvoizvo, meya), akanga nguva zvinyatsobuda tysyatskim. Kubva XIV remakore, nzvimbo mutengo zvatowedzera yakawedzera chokuti iye ndiye ngaamuitire revatongi rokuremekedza.

tsika nemagariro

Medieval tsika Novgorod Russia yakanga yakasiyana chaizvo tsika vavakidzani vayo. sayenzi yemazuva anoziva zvakawanda nezvazvo nekuti pano kuchamhembe, kuchine zvakawanda Zvivako ane yakapfuura yaitonga. Vanochera matongo, nyanzvi dzemitauro, vanodzidza nezvavanhu uye mamwe masayendisiti vanoramba kudzidza kufarira nhaka kuti akasiya Novgorod Russia. Features pakukura, muna pfupi, vakabatsira guta tsika anomira pamusoro ndima ine Western nzvimbo European. Vamwe vanotsvakurudza kunyange nharo kuti Novgorod ndomumwe cradles of Northern Renaissance.

Vagari reRepublic vaiva connoisseurs zvikuru unyanzvi. Izvi runoratidzwa akawandisa zvivako nemamwe. Vazhinji vavo zvakachengetedzwa nemhaka yokuti pano asvika Mongol-wechiTatar mapoka. Kugara kubvuta inowanzorimwa kazhinji dzakaparadzwa Vladimir Russia, apo zvakanga zvakakodzera kuzodzosera kuvakazve maguta ose. In yechipiri yezana XIII remakore, kunyange kukanganwa zvimwe raanoziva nokuda kufa nyanzvi uye mhizha.

Chronicles - ndechimwe Chiitiko hwakasiyana Novgorod Russia. Features pakukura, iri pfupi, zvakakonzera chokwadi chokuti vanyori yaMakoronike mu magwaro avo kwete chete kurondedzera zviitiko, asiwo mwoyo pamusoro dingindira roupenyu vagari uye kwokunze pakuonekwa guta. Style Izvi handizvo wokumaodzanyemba kwayo vavakidzani.

mufananidzo

Vanopfuura hafu Russian Ages unyanzvi monument akachengetedzwa Novgorod ndiye Russia. Zvakakurukurwa Kugadzirwa nedunhu akakwezva matarenda Artists kubva zvose necheSalvic munzvimbo. Pamahombekombe ari Volkhov vakatsvaka rusununguko uye upenyu hune rugare, kuti kuvabvumira zvakanaka kusika.

Painting Novgorod Russia kunyange kupfuura West. MuEurope, machechi ari Gothic uye Romanesque zvitaera haawanzotauri akashongedzwa Pamifananidzo. Mugore Novgorod netemberi vakapona akawandisa mosaics pamusoro siyana dzemuBhaibheri dzinotaura. Its yaiwanzoyambukira kupenda akapona ari XIV remakore, kana Zvakashamisa kunyange vakokwa kubva muItari Byzantium.

Zvinosuruvarisa rose uri kuchikoro chinhu chekare. Iye akanyangarika mushure accession of Republic kuMoscow. Machinda vakaita zvose zvakanga musoro Novgorod Russia. Zvinoumba Kugadzirwa kuchamhembe machechi akaita dzakapfuma uye yakanaka kupfuura Moscow. Panguva iyo vatongi vemunharaunda raiva aidada uye nevamwe. izvi zvose akatsamwisa chehurumende. In XV-XVI emakore., Under pretexts siyana, dzimwe pogroms zvinouraya rwaiitwa. Zvikuru zvinotyisa akarova aiva chinovhundusa Ivana Groznogo Varindi. Pashure paizvozvo, chikoro Novgorod ounyanzvi zvishoma damped uye akafa.

akitekicha

Uyewo painting, mapurani Novgorod Russia anozivikanwa mavambo ayo pachinhu Vladimir, Suzdal, Kiev, uye zvichingodaro. D. In kuchamhembe kurarama akaisvonaka vavezi, nounyanzvi akashanda nezvirwere zvakasiyana huni. Yose Russia Novgorod ndiye wokutanga tenzi ibwe rive chivakwa zvinhu.

Muna 1044 kwakaonekwa Detinets, uye gare gare gore - chechi Hagia Sophia. Zvose izvi mapurani ounyanzvi vakaitwa namabwe uye akachengetedzwa nanhasi. Talent Novgorod vanatenzi akaiisa pamberi mumunda engineering. Stone zambuko mhiri Volkhov refu nguva raiva pakukura Europe, uye kuvakwa kwayo yakaitwa pamusoro akasiyana nzira.

Novgorod akitekicha akaberekwa somunhu kwetunhu anoverengeka zvekunyanyisa. Inogona kurondwa zvezvidzidzo European, Byzantine uye Russian manyorerwo pacharo. Greek kunechekuita akapinda muguta pamwe chete nokutenda Orthodox. European School atora midzi munyika nemhaka yezviri pamwe vatengesi vavatorwa Hanseatic League. Zvaakanga kunyura zvishoma zvose, mhizha veko ndakasika yavo kucherechedzwa maitiro. Monuments of Novgorod Russia akapona zvikuru nemhaka yokuti ezvivako dzaivakwa zvokuvakisa.

birchbark

Birch kuhukura, izvo zvichiwana mumatongo ano idura ruzivo pamusoro upenyu akatungamirira Novgorod Russia yakakura. Muchidimbu, vanobatsira kusimudza chifukidzo pachivande pamusoro zvekare mararamiro uye tsika iyoyo vagere zvokuvhoterwa.

Kazhinji tsamba vari voga tsamba uye ebhizimisi. Ivo Ainyora kutengeserana uye nyora rudo kureurura. Vanochera matongo vakakwanisa kunyange kuwana chinosetsa mashoko kuti nevamwe Monuments of National ngano.

inotungamirwa

Kuvapo pamusoro tsamba inoratidza kuti kuverenga rave Ruzhinji rwakapindura vagari. Vatongi Novgorod Russia akaedza kuva dzidzo. Somuenzaniso, izvi ndiko Yaroslav Mudry akazarura chikoro yokutanga, iyo inodzidzisa vanachiremba Chechi neHurumende Profile.

nevanhu zvikuru ne European zvokutengeserana maguta vakapfuma boyars akabvumira kutumira vana vavo ipapo. Zvinozivikanwa kuti majaya Novgorod vari Italian mumayunivhesiti ose Bologna uye German Rostock.

Novgorod muna XII-XIII emakore.

The inonakidza Nhoroondo Novgorod Russia rakakamurwa akawanda nguva. Muzana XII remakore, zvokuvhoterwa ichi Kazhinji pfupa kukakavara pakati akasiyana Rurikovich. Kubatana pakati kumaodzanyemba uye kuchamhembe Rus kwakanga kuchakasimba, saka ari Novgorod munyika kakawanda akazviratidza Kyiv, chernihiv, uye kunyange hondo Polovtsian.

Muzana XIII remakore raiva wechiTatar-Mongol nechisimba. Horde pamusoro Batu Khan akaparadza maguta mazhinji okumabvazuva uye kumaodzanyemba kweRussia. Army muArabhu kunyange kuenda kuenda Novgorod, asi vakafunga nani nenguva uye haana kuenda mberi Torzhok, akatendeuka akananga Chernigov. Izvi akaponesa vagari kubva mukuparadzwa. Zvisinei, kwete vakapukunyuka njodzi Novgorod bhodhi mutero Horde.

Chikuru mufananidzo nhoroondo zvokuvhoterwa nguva yakanga Alexander Nevsky. Panguva apo zvinenge zvose Russia iri vachigomera kubva nechisimba inowanzorimwa, Novgorod aifanira kubata imwe ngozi. Rakanga murayiro vemauto German Catholic - Teutonic uye wokuLivonia. Ivo akazviratidza muna kuBaltic States uye maviri emakore pangozi zvokuvhoterwa. Alexander Nevsky vakavakunda panguva Battle of Ice muna 1242. Uyezve, vakaroorana kwemakore asati akakunda yeSweden ari Battle of Neva.

Kupera Novgorod Russia

With kukura kuMoscow weutungamiriri pakati Novgorod aifanira yokufudza pakati Moscow uye vavengi ayo vavatorwa. The vakakwirira haana kuda kuzviisa zvizvarwa Ivana Kality. Naizvozvo Novgorod boyars vakaedza kumisa batana ukama Lithuania uye Poland, pasinei nokuti nyika idzi aiva nechokuita Russian tsika uye rudzi.

In pakati pezana XV remakore, Vasily II Dark aigona zviri pamutemo kugadzirisa achitonga ari pasi paNebhukadhinezari reRepublic kubva Moscow. mwanakomana wake Ivan III aida pakupedzisira kukunda Novgorod. Kana Chamber asarudza kuenda nokuda rapprochement pamwe Mambo kwePoland, Prince of Moscow akazivisa hondo vasingateereri. Muna 1478, akabatana Novgorod kuMoscow kwavabati. Rakanga imwe nhanho inokosha mukusika rimwe Russian rudzi-mamiriro. Zvinosuruvarisa mutemo machinda uye madzimambo zvakatungamirira kuti aimbova Novgorod tiite chinzvimbo mune zvokutengeserana uye netsika yave arasika kwenguva.