Teutonic Order uye Russia: nokushorwa

History, sezvo tichiziva, inodzokororwa. Muzana remakore rapfuura, pakuenzanisa simba pamusoro geopolitical mepu yachinja nguva zhinji, akaonekwa uye akanyangarika mamiriro, kuda weuto vevatongi vakamhanya kuti taramba nhare, munyika kure kufa, zviuru zvakawanda varwi zvisingazivikanwi. Pavanotaurirana weRussia uye Teutonic Order muenzaniso nokuedza kuwedzera vanonzi "tsika dzokuMadokero" kumabvazuva Europe, yakaguma kukundikana. The mubvunzo unomuka, kuti mukuru vaiva mikana knightly mauto kukunda.

The kwokutanga mamiriro ezvinhu

Panoperera wegumi nemiviri kumavirira remakore Rus yaiva chinzvimbo iyo inogona dzinoratidzwa known okuti "pakati nenyundo uye panhera." Batu akaita kumaodzanyemba-kumadokero, kuparadza uye nechisimba zvakasiyana necheSalvic kwavabati. Kukwidziridzwa of Teutonic Knights vakatanga chikamu reBaltic. The inokosha chinangwa wehondo yechiKristu, papa akazivisa, kwaisanganisira mukuunza chiKaturike kuti hana runodiwa, kuita apo muchihedheni. Finno-Ugric uye reBaltic marudzi akaneta kushorwa muchiuto mupfungwa, uye nechisimba kwechikuva rokutanga dzichiri zvikuru kubudirira. Munguva kubva 1184 kusvikira pakupera kwezana remakore rokutanga, vakawanda kukunda akatenderwa kuva kubudirira, kuti umutse Riga memauto uye kusimbisa mashoko bridgehead mamwe kurwisa. Chaizvoizvo European kushingirira Rome vakazivisa muna 1198, akanga ari kuronga kuti ave rudzi kutsiva nokuda kukundwa Munyika Tsvene. Nzira uye zvinangwa vechokwadi vaiva kure kwazvo nedzidziso dzaKristu - vaiva enyika uye zvoupfumi raidudzwa vavariro. Nemamwe mashoko, Hondo Tsvene vakauya kunyika Estonians uye Livonians kuti mudzimba uye kubatwa. On nomuganhu pakati Teutonic Order uye Russia pakutanga ari XIII remakore zaimeli zvakafanana kumuganhu.

Military kusawirirana kutanga kwekupwanyiwa

Ukama Teutons uye Rus vakanga yakaoma, hunhu hwavo yakaumbwa pachishandiswa ari zvichiitika nemauto-enyika chaizvo. Trade zvinokunetsa zvakatungamirira pfupi kubatana uye vadyi akavhiyiwa pamusoro madzinza wechihedheni, kana mamiriro zvokutaurira vamwe zvinhu. Kutenda kwechiKristu General Zvisinei, haana kudzivisa Knights zvishoma nezvishoma kuva mutemo chimuti kutenda mukatorike pakati necheSalvic vakawanda, izvo zvakakonzera zvimwe hanya. 1212 aizivikanwa pokurwa vasanganiswa gumi kuzviuru pamusoro Novgorod uye polochanskogo mauto ari nhamba dzevhudzi. Izvi zvakateverwa pfupi chibvumirano. Teutonic Order uye Russia kwakambova kurwisana, zvakange nookupedzisira kwemakumi emakore.

zvirango Western XIII remakore

"Chronicle kuti Livonia" Henrik rine ruzivo pamusoro kukombwa wenhare Novgorod Wenden muna 1217. Vavengi vokuGermany uye vokuDenmark vava vaida kubata chidimbu kwavo pai of reBaltic. Ivo nheyo boka revarwi rinorinda, nhare "Taán Lynn" (zvino vanotozvifarira). Izvi akasika mamwe matambudziko, kusanganisira avo chokuita uye zvitengeswa. Maererano nemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu aya uye vazhinji, aifanira kakawanda adzokorore policies zvayo zvechiuto uye Teutonic Order. Maonero Russia kumhuka akaoma vachirwisa pamusoro boka ravarwi mberi, zvaida matanho chakakomba kukurira.

Zvisinei, kuti joko haisi zvachose kunoenderana vavariro. Pope Gregory IX kuita zvizere-pamwero zviito zvechiuto havambokwanisi zvakakwana zveupfumi zviwanikwa uye, kuwedzera Pfungwa matanho zvaaigona kuti kushora Russian simba chete upfumi blockade pamusoro Novgorod, izvo zvakaitwa muna 1228. Nhasi, zviito izvi aizonzi zvirango. Havana kunge vabudirire, domsaga vatengesi vasina kubayira mari nokuda yemisangano nehasha zvido uye vakawanda vaisateerera kunoda kuti blockade.

Ngano yacho gurusvusvu "Teutonic Knights"

More zvichidzika kubudirira mishandirapamwe iri nhaka Knights vakaramba yaitonga Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, pasi Yuriev kukunda kwakaita guta ndandanda mutero kuna Novgorod (1234). Kutaura zvazviri, setsika nokuti vakawanda kuziva mufananidzo mapoka vakapfeka zvombo ari vairwa muhondo dzemachechi, Russian storming muguta, vakasikwa firimu (zvikurukuru Sergeem Eyzenshteynom), pachena, hazvina kunoenderana nechokwadi dzakaitika. Knights vakanyanya positional kutamburira, kuedza kuramba vakavaka nhare nhare, nguva nenguva vanoda vachirwisa sei vakashinga, sezvo zvarisingazivi. Teutonic Order uye Russia muna thirties ari XIII remakore yakanga yakasiyana zvekuvaka zvigadziko, uye ukama hwavo kumhuka zvakawanda kwete nyasha nechisimba German.

Alexander Nevsky

The rokuremekedza Muchinda Novgorod vaifanira rukundo yeSweden, uyo akamboda ukandwe 1240 paivhu Russian, pamuromo Neva. Intentions "kumhara" riri mhiri mubvunzo, uye vaduku, asi atova nenguva mutungamiri rechiuto (chikoro yababa) akatungamirira ake simba duku kurwisa. The vakunda mubayiro ushingi, uye akanga asiri wokupedzisira. Chimwe kushingirira kuRussia of Teutonic Order, kuchaitwa Knights muna 1242, ndokuguma kukundikana kuti vavengi. urongwa kurwa, izvo vakabva wakanzi "Battle pamusoro Ice" akanga sowakajeka pamuviri uye zvinobudirira rakatangwa. Prince Alexander Nevsky akatora kufungawo peculiarities ari kwenzvimbo, uchishandisa unconventional nzira, ruyamuro kubva Horde, akagamuchira kubva chakakomba rubatsiro zvechiuto, kazhinji, kushandisa dziripo zviwanikwa zvose, uye akahwina, wakudza zita rake muzvizvarwa. Pazasi Peipsi akasiya nemasimba muvengi, uye navamwe varwi vakauraya kana akabatwa. 1262 Kunoonekwa munhoroondo mumabhuku sezvo musi Novgorod kubatana pamwe Lithuanian muchinda Mindaugas, izvo kukombwa akanga akatakurwa Wenden, kwete kubudirira zvachose, asi haana kubudirira: mauto akabatana muvengi zvakakonzera chinokosha kukuvara. Pashure pechiitiko ichi, kuti Teutonic Order uye Russia akapotsa kurega yakawiriranwa nemasoja kwemakore matanhatu. Ko zvakanaka kuti Novgorod pamusoro weboka mabhora ose simba chesungano.

Kuvakwa kunetsana

hondo All kupera. Uye dzakaguma nhaurwa refu, iyo vakaungana wokuLivonia Teutonic Order uye Russia. Brief panotaurwa anogona kuitwa wekupedzisira yechiitiko pa- kwenguva refu kurwisana - Hondo Wesenberg, ikozvino kutokanganwa. Iye wakaitirwa February 1268 uye vakaratidza kusabetsera of aibatanidza mauto Danish-German, uyo akatsvaka kuderedza zvinonakisa inokosha ezvinhu zvavo nyasha. Pakutanga Danho Knights akakwanisa ndokudzinga nezvenzvimbo wevarwi rinotungamirirwa mwanakomana Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry. Izvi zvakateverwa counterattack wamapoka zviuru zvishanu, uye muvengi vakatiza. Pamutemo, hondo yakapera ari SWEDERA: mauto eRussia kutora nhare ukombwe navo (zvichida, mumwe dambudziko rakadaro uye haina arongera kutya makuru nezvinhu), asi ichi uye vamwe zvishoma chinzvimbo kuedza kutanga Teutons kwakakundikana. Nhasi akafanana chete vakachengetedzwa nematende.