Temberi Ancient. Zvinhu akitekicha yekare

Ancient Greek akitekicha mumwe misoro mifananidzo nhaka kare. Iye akaisa nheyo European mapurani, unyanzvi chivakwa. The chikuru chinhu ndechokuti mavakirwo Greece yekare akapfeka nechimiro chokureva dzechitendero, uye akasikwa kuti chibayiro vanamwari, tichivapa zvipo uye vakabata vakawanda zviito panhau iyi.

Story chivakwa unyanzvi kare yebudiriro yekare rakakamurwa shanu yenguva: zvekare, Early Classic, Classic, Hellenistic uye kutongwa nevaRoma. Next tichakurukura temberi akakurumbira yakavakwa chekare, muudzame mumwe nomumwe wavo, uyewo.

zvekare nguva

Duration zvekare nguva: kubva 7. BC. e. kusvikira nguva vaAtene wemirau Solon uye zvematongerwo enyika (anenge 590 BC. e.). Muna 7-6 emakore. BC. e. Greece akitekicha wairatidza zvemberi zvinhu munzanga. Somugumisiro echiGiriki polis kwaita nokukurumidza kukura zvegutsaruzhinji vehondo, uye izvi zvakaita kuti kusununguka hondo yavanhu pamusoro vaiva vepamusoro vairemekedzwa. Panguva iyi, iyo temberi, iyo yakavakwa kunhivi mutemo, akava chikuru pachivako - rakatenderera coffers uye pfuma uye chevarwere mhemberero panguva imwe chete. Somugumisiro anosimbirira pakutsvaka akaumba chikuru zvinhu mapurani yekare - hurongwa (kuomesa hurongwa inoratidza nzvimbo uye ukama mbiru) uye entablature (bindepinde).

Zvakakurukurwa temberi yacho zvekare nguva

Mugore zvekare nguva chinyakare zvivako yaitonga Homer akamuka mangwanani mhando okuvaka ibwe, vanonzi "Temberi antah". Pamberi divi rine pebiravira, parutivi namasvingo inoumbwa maberere (Antes) uye mbiri akatarisa pakati pembiru. Kune vaya zvakananga anorondedzera Athens papfuma pa Delphi (yaifananidzira pamusoro) dzakavakwa muParis machena. Inofungidzirwa musi kuvakwa - makore 510-480. BC. e. Chivako chacho vakachera uye reconstructed nemakore 1903-1906.

Next kwaiva yokutsiva neshongwe masvosve, uye paiva idzva yekare temberi - prostyle. Akanga ane pakachena yakaiswa denga. Humwe kuwedzera mamwe mbiru ina pakatarisana, pedo nomukova chefuma (amphiprostyle), aiva Danho rokutanga kuvaka Yaunoti peripetra - zvachose akazaruka kumativi ose mutemberi. Kunyange zvazvo marudzi aya rakavapo panguva imwecheteyo, ekupedzisira zvisinei yava nesimba.

Rakanga kamuri huru kuvaka ose - wekare tsvene yetemberi (atari) kuti dzichengeterwe munhu airemekedzwa chivezwa wamwari kana mwarikadzi. Rainzi "petemberi".

Early Classic kumwedzi

Mukutanga dzenhoroondo nguva, kubvira 590 kusvikira 470 makore. BC. e., antiikki mapurani anosunungura waibva vatorwa kuitika, akarongwa kubva kuIjipiti uye Asia zvishoma nezvishoma. Kufanana kupenda uye chivezwa, zvava chimwe chezvinhu unoshamisa kuratidzwa vanhu uye democratic tsika dzenhoroondo Greece.

The kukura mutemberi dzakavakwa munguva iyi, pane zvachose kuitira uye proportionality ari kukura uye uwandu mbiru uyewo dzimwe nzvimbo chivakwa. izvi zvose anopa mavakirwo okutanga dzenhoroondo nguva simba uye runako. Akaumba mutsva mhando muchechi - Doric, iyo vakagamuchira kwakapararira mune ramangwana.

temberi Yekare Greece vokutanga dzenhoroondo nguva: Hera muOlympia, ari Apollo pana Delphi, Zeus muAtene, Pallas Athena vanenge. Aegina (aimiririra pamusoro). Zvinokosha kuona kuti mune Sisiri uye Italy, Adolescent Zvivako nguva yakawanda, ipapo akanga Greek dzaitongwa ayo vakapfuma. Kunyanya, Temberi Poseidon pa Paestum. Usakanganwa pamusoro umwe nomwe zvinoshamisa munyika - Temberi yaAtemisi paEfeso, rakanga akapisa Gyrostat.

Temberi Poseidon pa Paestum

akitekicha ichi chinozivikanwa vomunguva Monument Greek anonziwo temberi Hera II. Zvichida, izvozvo zvinogona kunzi kupfuura simba uye simba kuvakwa Doric kwakabatana 5 BC. e. In ake wakaoma uye nyore nechitarisiko akatsanangura pfungwa yacho umhare kutamburira vanhu kuti rusununguko kubva raida kuvapamba navaPeresia. It richiripo yokumusoro chikamu mbiru, dzomunyika uye kwokunze maviri okutonga muvharanda, achifumira pamusoro chikonzero chakasimba. Sezvo zvimwe temberi yekare nzvimbo (yaimbonzi Poseidon) zviri yakavakwa zvakaoma chaizvo crystalline reraimu. Above yave kubatwa nhete paiva nesuko. In mapurani, pane musimboti nenguva yaakaronga kuti apote. Property ane chaizvo kukura: m 60 refu uye mamita 24 paupamhi.

Temberi Hera II iri muna Italy (40 km north-kumabvazuva kubva Salerno). Zvino akazarukira vashanyi. mukova waro ndewe 4 kana 6 euros (rinosanganisira kushanya kune Archaeological Museum iri Paestum).

Temberi yaAtemisi paEfeso

Temberi yakanga vakaziva somumwe zvishamiso nomwe kuti yaiva nyika yekare. Zvinonzi rakamiswa pamusoro munharaunda ano guta Selcuk (Turkey). Kuvakwa ndiyo yakaoma uye zvinosuruvarisa zvakaitika.

panzvimbo ino, wokutanga uye kupfuura chinzvimbo kuvaka yakanga yakavakwa pakati 6th remakore. BC. e., uye muna 356 nayo akapisa Herostrat. Nokukurumidza, temberi yekare yakavakwazve yakafanana, asi muzana remakore rechitatu, kwakakanganisa, nguva ino Goths zvakare. Muzana 4th remakore. tsvene kutanga kuvharwa uye akaputsa maererano basa rechitendero chitsva - chiKristu uye kurambidza tsika dzechihedheni uye ezvitendero. Zvisinei, akavaka nzvimbo chechi yake, ikamira haana refu.

Maererano mungano, Artemis muverengwe mapatya hanzvadzi Apollo. Akazvipa kutarisira zvose zvipenyu zviri panyika (mhuka, zvinomera), aivatarisira uye kudzivirira. Regai kusiya pfungwa dzako, iye navanhu, kupa mufaro muwanano uye chikomborero kuti mwana. Kunamatwa mwarikadzi paEfeso yave iripo kubvira panguva yakare. In rukudzo vemo zvakavakwa temberi huru (urefu 105 m, makubhiti 52 m, kureba mbiru 127 kuiswa mumitsara sere, zvakaenzana 18 m). Akaita mari yezvipo kuna Lydian mambo. Construction akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze kwenguva refu, uye panguva iyi zvakachinja ezvivako akawanda. Temberi yakavakwa wakachena chena machena, uye chifananidzo mwarikadzi zvakagadzirwa nenyanga dzenzou uye goridhe. Akanga bhizimisi uye zvemari peguta, mune imwe mhemberero yechitendero. temberi iyi yekare haina muridzi nezviremera guta uye rakanga zvizere pasi kudzorwa college vapristi. Pari, mumwe chete reconstructed Mbiru anogona kuonekwa pamusoro wotoona temberi. In Miniaturk Park (Turkey), unogona kutarisa muenzaniso mutemberi (hunomirirwa pamusoro).

Classical kumwedzi akitekicha

Classical nguva, kubvira 470 388 makore. BC. e. - ndiwo ichatonga zvine mbiri mamiriro, nenguva hweruzhinji uye chemhando chikwidzo. MuAtene chakanakisisa mhizha vari kudirana zvose pamusoro Greece. Nzira Kugadzirwa mavakirwo vari rakabatana ne zita mukurusa muvezi zvenyika yekare - Phidias. Mumwe wezvematongerwe enyika akakurumbira uye Pericles rakagadziridza hombe-pamwero uye chinzvimbo kukura zano Acropolis. Yakanga dzichitungamirirwa Phidias yechipiri yezana 5th remakore BC. e. Rakanga chimwe chezvinhu chinzvimbo okuvaka iyo kupera paiva akakwana Architectural ensemble, akatungamirirwa - the Parthenon. Acropolis veAteni akanga lavishly akashongedzwa zvenzombe tenzi nevadzidzi vake.

Kazhinji, mavakirwo dzekare nguva akaramba zvakazadza Doric manyorerwo mutemberi. Zvisinei, zvinova nyore kuti kuumba uye bolder muchiratidzo chinoumbwa ndege. Zvishoma nezvishoma chakaunzwa kushandiswa iri Ionic uye vokuKorinde manyorerwo. MuGreece pacharo, temberi vari anokudzwa, kwezvokufuka uye chiedza. Pfungwa iri rwakabhadharwa kuna kukura uye zvinhu. Architects vanoshandisa chena machena, zviri nyore yakanaka kugadzira. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa Zvivako nguva idzodzo ndiyo Temberi Theseus, iri muAthens. Uyu inonyatsoratidza kuti Doric manyorerwo akanga akanyevenutsa Attica.

Panguva iyoyo vari Sisiri anoramba zvakazadza Doric manyorerwo, zvinoshamisa huru zvivako.

Parthenon

Ancient Rocky Hill anomirira 156 M kureba ane sandara pamusoro ane kureba vanenge 300 M uye nenzvimbo yakaita mamita 170 Pano parinobuda huru Monument zvenhaka mapurani -. Magnificent Parthenon. Temberi yakatsaurirwa kuna aidzivirira yose Attica uye veAtene zvikurukuru mhandara-mwarikadzi Athena. It yakavakwa mumakore 447-438. Callicrates mapurani chirongwa, vakasikwa vekare Greek mapurani Iktinos uye zvikuru yakashongedzwa pasi pokudzora nomuvezi Phidias. Zvino temberi ari matongo, zviri kushingaira pasi pedutu.

Parthenon - chiri tembere kare, inova Doric peripetr pamwe zvenyaya Ionic manyorerwo. Zvinonzi rakamiswa pamusoro matanho matatu machena ane mumhu anenge 1.5 M kumativi ose mutemberi takapoteredzwa muvharanda :. 8 mbiru pamusoro France echivako chacho uye 17 kurutivi rumwe norumwe.

Mashoko kubva iyo chakavakwa tsvene - pentiliysky machena. Masonry akanga akaoma, kureva. E. Kuitwa pasina kushandisa dhaka kana simende chokuedza.

Temberi Zeus

Temberi yeOlympia Zeus aiva mumwe kupfuura airemekedzwa muGirisi yekare. Chivako ichi, ndicho muenzaniso Doric kurongeka wechokwadi, zvakare, ndowenyika dzekare kumwedzi. Temple akaisa munguva 52 Olympic Games, asi kuvakwa rakapera chete pakati pemakore 472-456. BC. e. All chete Phidias.

Iye chaiwo periptera 13 mbiru pamwe chivako uye 6 - nokuti yatambanudzwa. Temple yakavakwa coquina reraimu kuna Poros. mamiriro kukwirira yakasvika 22 m, upamhi - 27 m, uye urefu -. 64 M Information pamusoro nechitarisiko dzawanika kuburikidza 1875 kupikidura kuitwa pasi vatungamirire akiyorojisiti German E. Curtius. Inside patemberi yaiva ichiri mumwe nomwe zvishamiso zvenyika yekare - iri vakasikwa Phidias hrisoelefantinnaya chifananidzo waZeusi aiva akareba vakapfuura 10 m.

Temberi Zeus, pamwe nevamwe vakawanda Olympia rakaparadzwa panguva behest Mambo Theodosius II, sezvo uchapupu chitendero chechihedheni uye tsika. The vasara zvisaririra pakupedzisira akavigwa ungwandangwanda kwepasi 522 uye 551 BC. e. Vakachera zvimedu mutemberi zvinochengeterwa kunyanya Archaeological Museum of Olympia, vamwe - iri Paris Louvre.

Temberi yamwari moto Hephaestus

Ancient temberi dzekare nguva, yakatsaurirwa kuna Hephaestus, akachengetedzwa mukuenzanisa nevamwe zvakanaka. It rakavakwa zvimwe munguva pakati 449 uye 415 makore. BC. e. Sanctuary rinomiririra kuvakwa Doric. Nokuti mashoko pamusoro mapurani haana kurarama, zvichida, zvakanga zvakafanana mapurani kuti akanga achiparidza erection yetemberi Ares muna Agora pana Cape Sounion, uye Nemesis muna Ramnunte.

Chidziro haina kuparadzwa panguva inotungamirwa chiKristu. Uyezve, temberi waishandiswa sezvo yeChechi yeOrthodox izvozvo. St. George kubvira muzana remakore rechi17 kusvika 1834. Zvadaro, akanga paakavapa mamiriro National Monument.

yaitonga vaGiriki

Munguva kubva 338 kusvika 180 makore. BC. e. Greek akitekicha kutanga chisanyanya mamirire kuchena kuravira. Ari pasi pokudzora utere nokubwinya, rakapinda kuGirisi kuMabvazuva. Vavezi vemabwe, Painters uye ezvivako zvakawanda hanya chivakwa zvinobudirira, runako rwayo. Runonzwika kwose kwose predilection nokuda vokuKorinde maitiro. Akamisa rehurumende hunhu chivako - dzimba, mizinda, etc ...

Anozivikanwa temberi Greece ndero nguva wakayeriswa Winged Athena (mu Tegea) Zeus (mu Nemea). Kune chikuru uye dzakaisvonaka zvivako zvakawanda munzvimbo iyi muAsia Minor. Kunyanya, temberi huru paMireto F. Didimskogo (aimiririra pamusoro).

Roman Empire kumwedzi

Kuunza A Empire Great hwogumisa kuti Classics uye rechiGiriki hweruzhinji. Panguva Hellenistic Greek nounyanzvi akapfuura ayo chokupedzisira. kukura. Kuuya pasi pesimba Rome, Greece vakarasika vaimbova ukuru kwayo, uye mapurani basa yakasiyiwa anenge zvachose. Zvisinei, vaimbi vakaungana muguta kusingaperi, akauya tsika unyanzvi hwake uye vakabatsira kuti runako yeRoma mapurani. Panguva iyi (makore 180-90. BC. E.) iwe Greek rinenge merges pamwe Roman.