Fayum asian: ari ounyanzvi ounyanzvi nyika

Pakutanga XVII remakore imwe pamakuva vakadzidza Italian mufambi zvakwakafukurwa zvekumwe Portraits kuti akaita vokuEurope ndisingafungiri chaiye - vane zvakasiyana kubva vamwe.

Important zvenhoroondo kuwanikidza

Asi mukurumbira chaiyo yawana nevanochera matongo mummies muna 1887 pedyo neguta Fayoum, nevakabva nevaIjipiti vekare. Mushure kwaAlexander Mukuru akatora nzvimbo yake ikoko, uye vaGiriki kubva Romans. Kwevafi chitendero chokuita Kuomesa vakafa, kaviri kuchinja ayo. Kana yapfuura vaEgipita makafuka chiso mummified muviri wako encased ari sarcophagus, akasiyana-siyana zvifukidziro, vasiri chaizvoizvo mifananidzo wemufi, dzemo vemifananidzo vakarondedzera Portraits ose-dimensional matatu wakisi pendi kuti kuramba kuorera mazviri huni, dzimwe nguva pamatende izvo glued kuti bhodhi.

Fayum oasis, akazarura asingazivikanwi zvinobatanidzwa okugadzira zvinhu zviri vemifananidzo vekare, uye akapa zita raro picturesque mufananidzo vakafa, vakaita izvi dzetsika zvechokwadi chimurenga panguva. Portraits, akatema kurudyi kukura, dzakanga dzakabatanidzwa musoro Amai: pamusoro mabhandeji chena, sokunge nepahwindo, akatarisa chaizvoizvo kuratidzwa wacho afa.

Chidobi pokushandisa pendi

The vemifananidzo vaishandisa chaiwo encaustic nzira, kunosanganisira kushandisa pendi zvakananga pamusoro pehuni pasina pre-kugadzira. Fayum mufananidzo wemufi aiva mufananidzo kuti rinoshandisirwa aine bhurasho uye kumira simbi varohwe. Basa iri rakanga basa-nyanyisa zvikuru, anoda unyanzvi, sezvo kururamiswa muna mufananidzo haabvumirwi. Nokuda mukuru tembiricha pendi kwazvo yakabikwa waxy ikavhunduka, pokubatana gogonera penyika panguva solidification, kusika nezvaizoitwa bhuku. Mukuwedzera, vanatenzi vakashandisa mahwendefa egoridhe, uchisimbisa nechekumashure, chishongo pamusoro wake kana chikamu zvipfeko.

Chimwe chidobi kushandiswa kunyora kwevafi Portraits vanhu, ndiwo tempera. Images akasika pigments hwakakanyiwa mhuka guruu hunobva, akaita pamusoro matte pamusoro pamwe masa zvishoma anyatsoona musiyano chiedza uye pamumvuri. Masayendisiti vanoti hurefu zvakadaro mifananidzo: Fayum mufananidzo yekare muIjipiti yekare Ndiwe akanakisisa akachengetedzwa, uye kusvikira nhasi asvika pasina kurasikirwa nokupenya ruvara uye haagoni kuva kwenguva pfupi.

Roman unyanzvi mifananidzo vakafa

Hatifaniri kukanganwa kuti kunyora Portraits tsika yaiva chikamu tsika uye Umambo hweRoma, chete mufananidzo anova chikamu kwevafi kapoka, uye zvifananidzo yemadzitateguru akafa uye madzimambo mushakabvu akaramba ari mamita inonzi atria. Zvisinei, manyorero akafanana kupenda Fayum Portraits, vanochera matongo vakaona chidimbu chiduku mabasa ounyanzvi yeRoma, asi vekare ounyanzvi wenyika uri avaEgipita, sezvo masayendisiti anodavira, rakapona mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka kudaro kuvazukuru kwete chete nokuda nedzimwe unyanzvi hwokushandisa pendi, asiwo dzisinganayi nyika .

Kufanana pamwe iconography

Started zviuru zvemakore akapfuura Portraits zvazova chishamiso chaicho munyika ounyanzvi, akaudzwa kuti vana mifananidzo vanhu vararame. mufananidzo Anowanikwa nevaIjipiti vekare, uyo akararama panguva yechiGiriki neyechiRoma simba, kwete kungoramba achipfuura yevanhu. Huge inosuruvarisa maziso akatarisa kubudikidza Muoni sokunge vanoona chimwe chinhu chisiri pasi anotaridzika mupenyu.

Kwete mukana pasi pokudzora musoro mifananidzo vari mhiri roupenyu, akatanga kuumba canons ose iconography. Asi usakanganwa kuti achiri ndeyokungoitawo Portraits vasiri aiendeswa kufungisisa yavapenyu, zvikasikwa chete kuvigwa, nekuti vaEgipita vagara kupiwa zvikuru kune humwe upenyu.

Kwevafi asian somunhu aizotangira iconography

Papera Byzantine iconography ari kuchinjwa okugadzira zvinhu zviri vatenzi yekare, achinyorera pamuti encaustic uye kushandisa matete zvegoridhe shizha. Kutarira pamariro Portraits, achitarisa mumwe nyika, zvishoma nezvishoma migrates kune vechitendero art Byzantium. Stylistically vaifungidzira proikonoy Fayum muotokuva, chinosuruvarisa mariro mufananidzo uye akagadzirirwa kuti achengetere kufarira zviri wacho afa. Icon upenyu anokunda rufu, uye chiso chake akatendeukira kuna Mwari, uye zvaanoreva yokutarisira hakusi kupatsanura, uye mufaro musangano Isita. Artists zvakafanana ekuona mweya, kwete kupfuura chifananidzo kwenguva duku, uye kuona kubva nemaonero asingafi unhu chimiro muchiedza isingagumi.

Kubva chaizvoizvo Portraits - akakodzera chiso

Vaongorori vane chokwadi chokuti zvose mifananidzo yakanyorwa kuti mupenyu munhu, sezvo kuwana mufi uye kushanda navo zvaisambobvumirwa nokuda vatenzi vechiIjipiti. Naizvozvo kwevafi asian (Fayum) inofanira akarayira pachine kupendwa muupenyu hwake, akanga rakarembera mumba kusvikira munhu afa. Mamwe masayendisiti vanoti pane kunge mumwe mufananidzo pamapepa enhokwe, izvo post-mortem uye kugadzirwa makopi mummies.

Kana isu kutaura chaizvo mufananidzo wemufi, chokwadi chinogona kukurasa, zviri achiri vnevozrastnye mufananidzo zvimwe mufananidzo vakanaka, sokunge chando muna mukusingaperi. Anozivikanwa mummies, pamwe kwevafi Portraits rakatarira wechiduku, kunyange zvazvo chokwadi vanhu vakafa pakukwegura. Byzantine kuvake kupenda zvaifamba kubva chaiye mufananidzo akakodzera uye chiso kusingaperi kuomerera zvimwe mitemo yokunyora mifananidzo yavatsvene.

manyorero kuchinja

Zvinokosha kutaura kuti vane kukura chiKristu hwokunyora Fayum muotokuva kuchinja pose kuitika, zviri conceptualized mufananidzo womumwe murume uye pakunamata kuramba chitonge koporo. Creators hweRoma akanzwa kuchinja mune maonero enyika, kwakunoitwa kwakajairika zvamarudzi kuita chimiro, nyasha wakaoma contours, pane inzwi.

Akapfeka iconic unhu asian Fayum zvakachinja stylistically, rethinking chimiro chomunhu. ChiKristu, kubvumirwa muna IV remakore muIjipiti, anodzivira Tsika kuvigwa uye encaustic unyanzvi ari zvishoma nezvishoma vakakanganwa, pamwe kunyangarika kwevafi mifananidzo.

Features mhinzamumba Portraits

On hwaro dzisina nemitemo kupenda tsika zvifananidzo, ndidzo dzinotevera zvinhu munguva kwevafi Portraits nenguva:

• Chiedza bhuku iri ari pamusoro, Nokururamisira akachitarisa chauri kurutivi chiso iri mumvuri.
• Head akatendeuka-kumativi matatu vanogara mifananidzo dzinenge vasipo.
• Ndione rinotungamirirwa pamusoro vaiona, asi kwete ari Fafitera retsono.
• Pachiso havasi vakaratidza manzwiro, hwayo-akazaruka maziso vakasuruvara.
• Background asian - monochrome, kana chiedza kana goridhe.
• The asymmetry pamusoro kuruboshwe nezvakarurama mativi chiso (makona miromo, nevagari vayo, nzeve siyana pamakona uye kumiririrwa panguva yakasiyana siyana). Zvinofungidzirwa kuti ichi chinhu kuitika idzva kupenda kwaiva vachiedza kuratidza nemaonero kuratidzwa mufananidzo.

Sezvo mariro asian (Fayum) rakanyorwa kunyange kana upenyu hwomunhu, uye zvichida kwenguva refu akanga ari mumba make, anenge zvose kupendwa pairi nguva ngapaonekwe vanhu vaduku. Pakafa mufananidzo iri midzi nemachira ane Amai, uye pamusoro wake nokungwarira ndikarangarira kuburikidza rakanyorwa mabhii rinowanzodhinda mapepa chishongo chendarama, inomiririra husingaperi.

Kwevafi Portraits sezvo kupangidza nefashoni

Kwevafi mifananidzo - iri chaiyo Art Gallery, kuumba yakasiyana tsiye yokupindira mumwe Fafitera kuti muri mukuru, achipa aesthetic mafaro. Maererano Fayum Portraits vanogona kuronda nyore Hellenistic fashoni nguva. Varume anoratidzwa mune nguvo inobwinya, uye vakadzi - mu tsvuku, chena kana greenish nguo. Jewellery mimwe zera, sezvinongoita bvudzi. Zvaidavirwa kuti maitiro hwokubvunza mhuri Kesari, kugadzira itsva nzira Kugadzira Bvudzi, kunyanya vakadzi, asi mudunhu kubva guru fashoni yakasvika zvishoma nezvishoma.

Museum ounyanzvi ounyanzvi nyika

Masayendisiti hazvina kupfuura 900 Fayum Portraits, kubudisa zvirambe uye vakava zvakazara yakazvimiririra muboka ounyanzvi. Kunenge kuti kunyange chiduku Art Gallery akarota nhaka yekare fuma pemariro kunamatwa nevaIjipiti vekare. Portraits ava zvino anodhura kwazvo Auktionen siyana, uye kufarira private vateresi nokuti tsika nounyanzvi kunowedzera ose gore. Tisingatauri vakawanda fakes uye makopi, asi sebvudzi mifananidzo sezvinoita kwevafi mifananidzo regai kuchengeta mufananidzo post-mortem chitarisiko tsika.

Vamwe yakasiyana zvidimbu kuti achiripo kusvikira nhasi, zvino akachengetwa mumamiziyamu chikuru akaunganidzwa pose, kusanganisira Pushkin. In meruvanze yekare art tsika ose uye anofarira kupenda anogona kufunga incredible kudzika nokupfuuridzirwa mifananidzo Fayum Portraits. Pushkin Museum muMoscow, akabata zvinopfuura 20 mifananidzo kuvigwa yemura uyo zvikuru kuuya kunyange vatorwa. The yakakurumbira mufananidzo jaya anoratidza chaiye akanaka pamwe rume zvinhu uye rinopenya kufanana kumazimbe maziso. Chitarisiko chake yose zvinoratidza kupisa nevakwegura, unhu uye capricious hunhu uye wemishonga zvakasiyana mavara akafanana pumps zvemukati mupfungwa.

Egyptian mifananidzo nguva dzose kuva pfuma chaiyo nguva dzose, uye Fayum Portraits, unyanzvi ukoshi riri kusimba yakakwirira, vanoonekwa kuti zvechokwadi ounyanzvi. Vanogona kunzi gedhi, yakazarukira remangwana vanatenzi itsva nzira okugadzira zvinhu, sezviri pakusika Byzantine kwemifananidzo.