Byzantine mifananidzo. Russian uye Byzantine mifananidzo

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti icon - mufananidzo waMwari kana musande panyika, ndiani murevereri uye muperekedzi pakati yepanyika nyika uye pakunamata. Kukura kunyora mifananidzo anoenda kure kare. Nzira yokutanga, maererano nengano, aiva rupawo Kristu, yakabuda pamusoro tauro (ubrus) kana anodzima panenge.

Byzantine Icons - ichi ndicho chokutanga vachengetedzwe yakavezwa, izvo vakaedza akakunda mifananidzo dzevatsvene, Ishe Mwari, neMhandara Maria uye mwanakomana wake.

kunyora mufananidzo

Yokutanga mifananidzo Byzantine kuti achiripo vari yomusi VI remakore. Chokwadi, pakanga vakura, asi vari, zvinosuwisa, kwete vakachengetedzwa. VaKristu vokutanga vakanga kazhinji kutambudzwa uye vakadzingirira zvakawanda zvechiGiriki uye mifananidzo nguva chete kuparadzwa. Uyezve, apo riri kuonekwa kunamata zvidhori.

On manyorero kunyora anogona vachatongwa nevamwe akachengetedzwa mosaics. Zvakanga zviri nyore zvikuru uye wakaoma. Mumwe mufananidzo kuratidza simba mupfungwa uye inzira kudzika.

Panguva iyoyo, akachengetedzwa Byzantine mifananidzo zhinji zvakachengeterwa musi paGomo reSinai kumonasitiri St. Catherine. The kupfuura nomukurumbira vavo:

• "Kristu Pantocrator".
• "APÓSTOL Petr".
• "The Virgin pachigaro choumambo."

Style kwavo kunyora - encaustic - vaiona rimwe zvikuru nevanhu panguva. peculiarity Its ndechokuti mufananidzo zvakanyorwa encaustic, kunyange kupisa. nzira iyi kunyora zvinoita chaizvo sezvazviri kutotaura Zvekare zvimiro zvemhashu pamusoro icon. Gare gare magadzirirwo yakakundwa nehumwe tempera, sezvo zvakanga vaidavira kuti akanga zvakawanda mumutsara pamwe canons kunyora.

Zvinoshamisawo chaizvo ndeyokuti kuti izvi zvitatu mifananidzo dzinomiririra mifananidzo zvinokosha kuti vari dzakwidzwa achiumbwa munyika iconography. Mune ramangwana, zvakanyorwa manyorerwo iri zvishoma nezvishoma kuderedzwa rokufananidzira akatonga vanhu haina vanoratidzwa icon, uye ake pakunamata. In komninovsky nguva (makore 1059-1204) nechiso mifananidzo kuva munhu zvakare, asi akaramba uye zvokunamata. Muenzaniso mukuru ndiye Vladimir kuvake. Mugore regumi namasere remakore, pasinei pokukundwa Constantinople, imwe itsva iconography. wakadzikama ichi uye monumentalism. Gare gare Painters pakati Byzantium akaramba kutsvaka zvakarurama chiperengo kumeso uye mufananidzo yose. Muzana XIV remakore mifananidzo kwaikosha kuchinjwa chiedza naMwari. Kusvikira kubatwa weConstantinople haana kurega kutsvaka uye kwacho mune mirayiridzo iyi. ounyanzvi matsva rakaonekwawo.

Byzantine kuvake kupenda panguva yake aiva chinokosha kwakabatsira dzose apo chiKristu.

Achinyora nezvidhori Russia

Mifananidzo yokutanga akaonekwa Russia pakarepo mushure kubhabhatidzwa Rus. Raiva Byzantine mifananidzo, zvakanyorwa pamusoro chikumbiro. Vakokwawo uye vanatenzi kunodzidziswa. Saka, kokutanga ari Russian iconography kukanganiswa chaizvo zvakasimba nokuda Byzantine.

Muzana XI remakore paiva chikoro yokutanga muna Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra. Paiva vokutanga inonyatsozivikanwa Painters - nayo Alipio yake "mushandi" yakanyorwa rimwe mupumburu Gregory. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti chiKristu akabva Kiev kune mamwe maguta Russian. Pamwe naye uye iconography.

Kwapera nguva, isu yakada chikoro guru kwazvo Novgorod, muPskov, Moscow. Mumwe nomumwe wavo akaumba pachake zvachiri muna kunyora. Panguva ino, chikamu muupenyu kusaina zvifananidzo, mabasa kwavari rakanyorwa. Tinogona kutaura kuti kubvira navatanhatu remakore Russian kwokukurukurirana kunyora rakanyatsojeka chakaparadzana Byzantine, vakava yakazvimirira.

Kana isu nezvazvo zvikoro chaizvoizvo, maitiro zviri Novgorod aiva nyore uye Kupfupika, nokupenya ruvara uye ukuru siyana. MuPskov chikoro ane kururama mufananidzo, riri zvikuru asymmetrical, asi akapa vane imwe expressiveness. Dzinoratidzwa zvishoma kwakakwidibira coloring ane predominance rima zvakasvibirira, rima Cherry tsvuku ine orenji tint mavara. Background mifananidzo kakawanda tsvuku.

Moscow kuchikoro kuvake kupenda ichaongororwa pamusoro nguva. Zvinonzi chaizvo kuchinjwa basa Feofana Greka, izvo chakaunza dzimwe tsika weConstantinople. Yoga kuenda basa Andrei Rublev, akasika zvikuru mifananidzo ivhu. In basa iri akashandisa kunyora Style kuti aiita kuti Byzantine Empire of XV remakore. Panguva iyoyo akanga aishanda uye Russian negwara. Pakupedzisira, zvikazooneka zvinoshamisa mifananidzo zvidavado.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Russian iconography zvazvo uye akaenda, asi wakasara marudzi ose kunyora mifananidzo yaiva Byzantium. Chokwadi, nokufamba kwenguva, vanenge zvishoma kushandurwa, kunyange vatsva. Izvi zvakanga nokuda chidzoke yevatsvene itsva somusande, uyewo chaiyo nokuremekedza vaya vaiva hadzikoshi muByzantium.

Muzana XVII remakore kamufananidzo kupenda yokuRussia iri kungoramba unyanzvi pane zvokunamata, uyewo pakuwana zvisina mukare akamboona. Masters zvakawanda vanokosheswa uye vanotumirwa kune dzimwe nyika kuti seinäkartta mutemberi. mifananidzo Russian unosimbiswa uye vasawirirana munyika dzakawanda Orthodox. Mumakore akatevera, iwe ichi maererano chete kuti unyanzvi.

Iconography muRussia panguva Soviet Union rwakaona kuchembera, zvimwe zvifananidzo yekare vakarasika. Zvisinei, zviri ikozvino zvishoma nezvishoma vari akararamazve, mazita matsva nenyanzvi vari kubudirira munda uyu.

Meaning of mifananidzo Amai vaMwari muupenyu vatendi

Virgin agara kubatikana kanoda chiKristu. Kubva pamazuva ayo makare zvakanga zvakafanana mudziviriri uye mudziviriri vanhuwo zvavo, uyewo mumaguta, nyika. Zviri pachena, ndokusaka mifananidzo vakawanda Amai vaMwari. Maererano nengano, wokutanga mifananidzo yaro ainyorwa naRuka muevhangeri. Mhandara mifananidzo vane zvinoshamisa simba chairo. Uyewo, mamwe mazita akanyorwa pamwe nenzira yakasiyana, ndiwo kuporeswa uye anodzivirira pamusoro nguva.

Kana isu kutaura kworudzii mufananidzo Amai vaMwari pane zvinobatsira, ipapo unofanira kuziva kuti matambudziko akasiyana vakumbire kubatsirwa uye vane mifananidzo yakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, mufananidzo Our Lady, anonzi "Kutsvaka Lost", zvichabatsira vane musoro, zvirwere ziso, uye aponese ari chidhakwa. Icon "Hazvina Zvechokwadi Meet" kuchatibatsira panguva zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana dzomuviri uye mweya, uyewo zvakanaka kunyengetera kwaari panopera nyaya.

Mhando Amai vaMwari

Zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti mumwe mufananidzo wemhandara ane zvaanoreva zvinogona kunzwisiswa kubva mhando kunyora mifananidzo. Types dzakaumbwa kunyange Byzantium. Ava, chinonyanya kuoneka vari.

Oranta (mol)

Saka vakapa mangwanani vechiKristu Byzantine mufananidzo Amai vaMwari, umo akaratidza renguva urefu kana muchiuno-zvakadzama maoko kuti akaparadzanisa mativi chete nezvanza kwekunze, pasina mwana. Mifananidzo iyi vaakawana catacombs Roman, zvakawanda kwakapararira iconographic mhando akanga pashure pemakore 843. The huru ukoshi - munhu Mediation uye kurevererwa Amai vaMwari.

Panewo shanduro mufananidzo wemhandara naKristu mwana ari raundi medallion panguva muchipfuva pamwero. In Russian iconography, iye anonzi "Chiratidzo". Zvinoreva mufananidzo - ndiye Epiphany.

Famous mifananidzo:

• "Yaroslavl".
• "Hariperi mukombe" and said.

Hodigitria (Putevoditelnitsa)

Izvi kwakadai Byzantine mufananidzo Amai Mwari rakapararira nyika yechiKristu mushure VI remakore. Maererano nengano, kekutanga paro akanyora Evangelist Luke. Papera kanguva, icon akava mudziviriri Constantinople. The chepakutanga yave vakarasika panguva yokukomba kwayo nokusingaperi, asi akaramba yakawanda mazita.

Icon zvinoratidzira neMhandara Maria akabata mucheche Jesu mumaoko ake. Ndiye musimboti murwiyo. Kristu anokomborera noruoko rwake rworudyi, apo rworuboshwe akabata mupumburu. Mhandara chete ruoko pfungwa kwaari, sokunge kuratidza yakarurama. Kuti ichi chinorevei nemifananidzo iri mhando.

Famous mifananidzo:

• "Kazan".
• "Tikhvin".
• "Iver" and said.

Eleusa (Ngoni)

mifananidzo ava akaonekwa Byzantine Empire, asi zvikuru kwakapararira muRussia. Style ichi kunyora akazviratidza chete gare gare, muzana remakore rechipfumbamwe. Zviri chaizvo rakafanana mhando Hodegetria, chete zvakawanda munyoro. Ipapo zviso mwana uye Amai vaMwari uchikurukura nomumwe. The mufananidzo anova nyoro. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mifananidzo iyi mhando ataure rudo amai mwanakomana wake, sezvinoita ukama hwevanhu. Mune dzimwe shanduro mufananidzo uyu anonzi "kurezva".

Icons iyi mhando:

• "Vladimir."
• "Pochaev".
• "Kutsvaka Lost" uye vamwe.

panachranta

Images kwakadai akazviratidza muna Byzantine Empire ari XI remakore. Ivo zvinomiririra neMhandara Maria, uyo agere pachigaro choumambo (chigaro) ane mwana akagara pamakumbo ake. mifananidzo izvi zvinomirira Lady Hwedu wake ukuru.

Mufananidzo uyu mhando:

• "Kutonga".
• "Vsetsaritsa".
• "Cave".
• "Kupro" and said.

Image Musikana "Unyoro" ( "Farai, Mwenga Nenevestnaya")

Icon "Unyoro", iro rinotaura chiso neMhandara Maria pasina mwana wake, aiva Seraphim Sarov. Iye akamira muchitokisi chake, pamberi kake rambi nguva dzose nokutsva, mafuta raakatorwa vakazodzwa kutambura, uye vakaporeswa. mavambo Its chaiyo haizivikanwi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mufananidzo zvichinzi famba XVII remakore. Zvisinei, vamwe vanofunga kuti icon chakaziviswa Seraphim Sarov, sezvo aiva noukama chaihwo Amai vaMwari. Haana kamwe kuponeswa kubva paurwere, kazhinji akaonekwa zviratidzo.

Pakafa mukuru mifananidzo "Unyoro" akanga ikazopiwa Diveevo chechechi. Kubvira ipapo, zvakanyorwa zvakawanda mazita, vamwe vava chishamiso.

The mufananidzo uri mufananidzo hafu-urefu. On zvakanyorwa pasina mwanakomana remhandara, nemaoko ake akapeta uye musoro wake zvishoma tilted. Ichi chimwe chezvinhu zvinyoronyoro mifananidzo Musikana, apo inoratidzwa kuberekwa kwaKristu, asi pashure zvakavanakira wake Mutsvene. A hadzi mufananidzo Amai vaMwari. Chii chinobatsira here? Zvikuru kukosha ndiwo mufananidzo kuti vasikana nevakadzi gumi kusvika matatu. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti minyengetero yake ichava asanyanya munhu kuyaruka zvakaoma, chengeta kuchena wake musikana uye dzakachena. Uyewo, mifananidzo iyi mubatsiri panguva pamuviri uye vana kuberekwa kwavo.

Pochaev Icon of Amai vaMwari

Uyu mumwe hapana zvishoma inozivikanwa mufananidzo Mhandara. Ndiye inozivikanwa ake kunoshamisa mabasa kwenguva refu uye chaizvo airemekedzwa pakati vatendi Orthodox. Pochaev Icon riri Mutsvene Dormition Pochayiv Lavra, inova hwekare nzvimbo Orthodox. The mufananidzo yakanga zvapa nokuondomoka yomunzvimbo womunda netsa Goyskoy muna 1597. Vasati kuti, iye akamuka sechipo kubva Greek Metropolitan Neophyte. Icon akanga kupendwa ari Byzantine manyorerwo tsamba tempera. Sezvo zvakanga asina mipumburu asingasviki 300 kuti vaizova zvishamiso.

Pochaev kuvake kazhinji akaponesa wemamongi kubva vakapinda nechisimba, mukuwedzera, wakaitwa zvakawanda zvokuporesa nayo. Sezvo munyengetero akwira mufananidzo uyu, achibatsirwa dzimwe yaingopambwa, kurapa zvirwere ziso.

"Kushungurudza"

Icon "Mourning" - ichi mufananidzo wemhandara pamwe anozvininipisa, izvo akafukidzwa lids. The mufananidzo yose kunoratidza kusuwa raamai vakarasika mwanakomana. Amai vaMwari anorondedzerwa oga, pane zvifananidzo uye Child.

Pane zviperengo zvakawanda. Somuenzaniso, muJerusarema Chapel Kristu Uzi ndiye kuvake akwegura, izvo zvinoratidza achichema Mhandara. MuRussia, kunoshamisa mufananidzo yakakurumbira "Joy Vose Kusuwa", chiri inozivikanwa ayo achaporesa.

Icon "Mourning" ari mubatsiri uye muponesi panguva kufirwa nevadiwa, kunyengetera seizvi kusimbisa kutenda husingaperi.

Kwakabva Smolensk Icon of Amai vaMwari

mufananidzo uyu ayo iconographic mhando Hodegetria ndezvevanhu, uye ndiye yakakurumbira kuvake. Hazvizivikanwi kana yepakutanga kana chete pasi. In Russia Smolensk kuvake akapinda 1046. Akanga akaita chikomborero Constantine IX Monomakh sovey mwanasikana muchato Anna kuna Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich pamusoro Chernigov. Mwanakomana Vsevolod, Vladimir Monomakh, akatambudzika kuvake ichi kuna Smolensk, apo yakanga yakaramba mukereke nokufungidzira Yedu Lady, yaakanga avaka. Saka izvi nzira, uye akawana zita rayo.

Papera kuvake akaita zvishamiso zvakawanda. Somuenzaniso, 1239 aigona kuva nengozi nokuti Smolensk. A mhirizhonga pamusoro Batu hombe ipapo akafamba nyika yeRussia, kuuya kuguta. Minyengetero vagari, uyewo Mercury Feat murwi pamberi pake Mhandara akazviratidza muchiratidzo, Smolensk akaponeswa.

Icon vaiwanzofamba. Muna 1398 zvakanzi vakauya kuMoscow uye akaisa mukati Cathedral of Annunciation, apo iye akagara kusvikira 1456. Gore rino zvichinzi paari mazita uye akasiya muMoscow, uye chepakutanga anotumwa kudzokera Smolensk. Zvadaro, mufananidzo rava chiratidzo kubatana Russian nyika.

Nenzira, chepakutanga mufananidzo Mhandara (Byzantine) akarasika pashure 1940. Munguva 20s huchibvutwa chirevo yakatora miziyamu, pashure mugumo wayo haizivikanwi. Zvino kubvuma Cathedral ndeimwe kuvake, inova mupumburu. Zvakanyorwa 1602.

Icon of Serafima Sarovskogo

Serafim Sarovsky - Russian chishamiso mushandi, uyo akavamba vakadzi Diveevo wemamongi vakazova waro anorichengeta. chiratidzo waMwari kwakaratidzwa kubva vaduku, mushure mokuparara bhero neshongwe Akaponeswa kubva chirwere pashure pokunyengetera pamberi icon of Amai vaMwari. Panguva iyoyo tsvene uye raiva chiratidzo. Seraphim nguva dzose strived kuti monasticism, saka muna 1778 akanga abvuma kuva ruzivo kuna Sarov wemamongi, uye muna 1786 akava mumongi ikoko.

Kakawanda ndaona Seraphim vatumwa, kamwe kunyange akaratidzwa naIshe Jesu Kristu. Mune ramangwana, iyo munamati dzvene vakatsvaka, akanga ruzivo pustynnozhitelstva. Uyewo akaita Feat kuti shongwe-yokugara kwemazuva ane chiuru. ugamba Most nguva ino akaramba kuzivikanwa. Kwapera nguva Serafim Sarovsky vakadzokera Sarov wemamongi, nekuti aisagona kufamba pamusana pokurwara tsoka. Ikoko, muchitokisi chake akwegura, akaramba achinyengetera pamberi icon of Amai vaMwari "Unyoro".

Zvinonzi papera nguva Virgin akamuudza kuti kumisa zatvornichat uye kutanga kuporesa mweya yevanhu. Akagamuchira chipo clairvoyance uye zvishamiso. Zviri pachena, ichi ndicho chikonzero nei nhasi mufananidzo Serafima Sarovskogo kukosha kuti mutendi ari kwazvo. Reverend aiziva pamusoro aurayiwe uye vakagadzirira pachine nokuti. Kunyange Akataura vana vake vomudzimu nezvazvo. Vakawana achinyengetera pamberi icon of Amai vaMwari, wakange anaye zvose hwake. Pakafa Seraphim zhinji Zvishamiso paguva rake, muna 1903 akaremekedzwa somusande.

Icon of Serafima Sarovskogo kuchikosha kune vaya vachikanganiswa. Munyengetero unobatsirawo mudambudziko. Chero ari pamuviri uye zvirwere zvomudzimu Reverend kuvake kuchabatsira. Panewo mutemo munyengetero Serafima Sarovskogo.

Icon of Sergiya Radonezhskogo

Sergiy Radonezhsky - ichi ndechimwe chezvinhu unoremekedzwa vatsvene muna Russia. Ndiye muvambi Trinity-rwacho Segiyo Lavra. Aivawo rokutanga kwayo abbot. Trinity Monastery mutemo waiva yakaomarara zvikuru, sezvo iye Segiyo yaibatana zvikuru yemamongi upenyu. Kwapera nguva, nekuda kusagutsikana pamwe nehama aifanira kusiya. Kumwewo yaakasimbisa Kirzhachskiy Annunciation wemamonk. Imomo akapedza nguva pfupi sezvo akakumbirwa kudzokera Mutsvene Utatu wemamonk. Pakarepo akaenda Mwari muna 1392.

Chiratidzo chekare chetsvene cheSergius raRadonezh akaurayiwa muma1420s. Iye zvino ari muUtatu-Sergius Lavra. Ichi ndicho chifukidziro chakasimbiswa apo chifananidzo chebhanhire cheSt. Sergius chinomiririrwa, uye kumativi ose ane zviratidzo gumi nemapfumbamwe zvehupenyu hwake.

Kusvika parizvino, hapana rimwe chiratidzo cheRadonezh. Uyewo pane mufananidzo uri muAssumption Cathedral muMoscow. Iyo yakadzokera kumashure ezana remakore XV-XVI. Mu museum. A. Rublev pane imwe chiratidzo yenguva iyi.

Mifananidzo yeRadonezh inobatsira mumararamiro emumuviri uye mumweya, uye munguva dzezvinetso zvezuva nezuva. Vanodzokera kuvatsvene, kana zvakakosha kuchengetedza vana kubva pakukanganisa kwakaipa, uyewo kuitira kuti pave pasina kukundikana mune zvidzidzo zvavo. Kunyengetera mberi kwechifananidzo cheSt. Sergius kunobatsira kune vanozvikudza. Chiratidzo cheRadonezh chinokudzwa zvikuru pakati pevaKristu vanotenda.

Mufananidzo weVatendi Petro naFevronia

Nhoroondo yehupenyu hwaPeter naFevronia yeMurom inoratidza kuti iwe unogona sei kuva mutsvene uye wakatendeka kuna Ishe, kunyange mumisungo yemhuri. Upenyu hwemhuri yavo hwakatanga nekuti Fevronia aiporesa murume wemunguva yemberi kubva kumaronda uye maronda pamuviri wake. Nokuda kweizvi akamukumbira kuti amurove mushure mekurapa. Zvechokwadi, muchinda haana kuda kuroora mwanasikana wehuni-mucheki, asi Fevronia akafanofanoona. Chirwere chemuchinda chakadzokazve, uye akatotora mudzimai wake. Vakatanga kutonga pamwe chete uye vaizivikanwa nokuda kwekunamata kwavo.

Zvechokwadi, bhodhi rakanga risina makore. Vakadzingwa kubva muguta, ndokukumbira kudzoka. Mushure mokudaro, vakatonga kusvikira vakwegura, ndokubva vatora mhiko dzenyika. Vaviri vacho vakakumbira kuti vavige mubhokisi rimwe chete nekuparadzanisa, asi murairo wavo hauna kuitwa. Nokudaro, vaitakurwa kaviri mumatemberi akasiyana, asi vachiri kushamisika pamwe chete.

Chiratidzo cheFevronia naPeter ndivo vanoita zvechato chechiKristu chechokwadi. Upenyu hwevatsvene, huri muna 1618, huri muRomomsk, munhoroondo yemuyu uye museum. Uyewo, zviratidzo zvevatsvene zvinowanikwa kune dzimwe machechi. Somuenzaniso, muMoscow, Ascension Church of the Lord ine mufananidzo ane tsanga yemhando.

Guardian icons

MuRussia pane imwe nguva kwaive kune rumwe rudzi rwemifananidzo - idzi dzakasvibiswa. Kwenguva yekutanga chiratidzo chakadaro chakanyorerwa mwanakomana waIvan the Terrible. Kusvikira ikozvino, makumi maviri ari kupona mifananidzo yakafanana yakapona. Idzi dzaiva zviratidzo zvekuchengetedza - zvaifungidzirwa kuti vatsvene vaifananidzi ndivo vaishandira vana vehupenyu hwavo hwose. Munguva yedu, tsika iyi yakatanga zvakare. Vose vese vanogona kuraira mwana wacho mufananidzo wakafanana. Iye zvino kazhinji pane imwe sarudzo yemifananidzo, iyo inoshandiswa pamitambo yakasiyana-siyana. Izvi, semuenzaniso, zviratidzo zvezita, marato, mhuri, nezvimwe. Pamusoro pemamiriro ose ega, unogona kutenga mufananidzo wakakodzera.