ChiBhudha muna China yaro nezvainoita tsika yacho

Vasisanetswi chiBuddha pamusoro Chinese tsika mukuru, kunze dzidziso ine yakadzika midzi munyika dzakasiyana-siyana. Asi chii chinonzi pesvedzero ichi uye chii kunounza vanhu? Havanzwisisi kukosha chaiko vagari munyika inonzi zvitendero vanogara ikoko maererano Council of Buddha Great? Uyezve munyaya ino tichakurukura chii sokunge chiBhudha mu China. Uye nekuti nyaya iyi iri rakakura kwazvo uye chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda, tinofanira chete kupfupikisa huru.

A zvishoma pamusoro chiBhudha

Asati mberi huru nyaya yacho, unofanira kunzwisisa kuti ndiye chiBuddha. Hapana mubvunzo kuti mumwe nomumwe wedu takanzwa shoko iri nguva zhinji uye ane anofungidzirwa yokuti chii. Asi ruzivo ichi chinogona kupararira kunyange zvakaipa, kana vakasudurukira kubva untrusted zvinyorwa. Ndokusaka achifanira kupfuura kudzidza nezvenhoroondo pfupi uye musimboti chiBuddha.

Where chinobva chiBhudha sedzidziso? Wakazviratidza kuchamhembe kweIndia, chaipo apo aya riri rekare mamiriro sezvo Magadha uye Kosala. Nezvekwakabva chitendero kwakaitika I chemakore BC. e.

Zvinosuruvarisa, masayendisiti mashoko mashoma chaizvo pamusoro iyi, asi nokuva zvimwe ndezvipi zvinogona yakavhomorwa mashoko. Somuenzaniso, mashoko chaiyo nguva zvakafanira matambudziko Vedic chitendero, asi sezvo tinoziva, zvinhu izvi nguva dzose pave kwaita chinhu chitsva, kuti chidzoke kungaitwa pane muviri. The creators hutsva kuitika akatanga vanhuwo vafambi, vakuru vadzingi mashameni uye mamongi. Pakati pavo vanowanikwa mutungamiri chiBuddha, Siddhartha Gautama, uyo anozivikanwa kwayo muvambi.

Mukuwedzera, panguva ino kune enyika dambudziko. Vatongi vaida simba, kunze muchiuto, izvo zvaizobatsira kuchengeta vanhu pasi. Kwakadaro kwaiva simba uye chiBuddha. Ari nevakawanda anoonekwa sezvo chitendero youmambo. Zvave zvichinzi kuti zvinoita chete idzodzo vane vatongi vaiita maonero dzechiBhudha.

Uzivi pamusoro China yekare: chiBuddha, chiTao, chiConfucia

Three kutaurwa dzenzvimbo chinokosha mune Chinese uzivi. Mamiriro ezvinhu echitendero munyika rwunokwanisa kuvakwa pamusoro izvi zviitwa matatu, izvo chaizvo rakafanana mumwe. Sei vatatu? Chokwadi chokuti China ndiyo nzvimbo yakakura kwazvo, uye kuwirirana kuti siyana munharaunda zvechitendero zvakaoma. Ndokusaka munhu dzenzvimbo dzakaumbwa munharaunda dzakasiyana, asi panguva vakanga kuva vamwe izvi zvitendero zvitatu.

Kweinozivikanwa pakati dzenzvimbo izvi? Chimwe chinhu chinokosha ndechokuti kusavapo mwari uyo unoda kunamata. Iyi pfungwa inokosha zvikuru chinosiyanisa chiBhudha nezvimwe zvitendero zvenyika iyo pane nguva dzose Mwari mukuru. Uyewo, dzidziso idzi chairwo kuyera kwouzivi munyika. Nemamwe mashoko, pano hauzovawani yakajeka, mirairo kana mirairo, nokuti mumwe munhu ane rusununguko rwokusarudza. Uye wechitatu chinokosha ndechokuti izvi zvitatu zviri zvakafanana nezvezvandaifanira emunhu uye kuzvidzora kuvandudzika.

ChiConfucian, chiTao, chiBhudha mu China vakaberekwa panguva dzakasiyana. Rakava chitendero wokutanga guru, chiBuddha, rine gore negore kuwedzera nhamba vateveri. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Chinese chiBhudha (Zen chiBhudha) siyanei dzidziso kuti yave yakakurumbira kuIndia. Kuritsiva zvishoma nezvishoma vakasvika chiTao, riri nevakawanda nhasi. Dzidziso iyi inoti pamusoro nzira yokunamata, uye kunobatsira kuti vamuwane.

Uye yokupedzisira yakanga chiConfucian, iyo yakavakirwa kutaura kuti chinangwa choupenyu hwomunhu kusikwa zvakanaka nevamwe, vanhu uye kururamisira. ChiConfucian, chiBhudha mu China zvinowanza. Kunyange nhasi, machechi aya maviri vane kupfuura nhamba vateveri vakatendeka China.

The kupinda chiBuddha mu China

ChiBhudha mu China achiri mucheche kwayo zvishoma nezvishoma. okukura nguva yake yakanga pakutanga kwezana yaitonga yedu. Zvisinei, pane uchapupu, iyo inoti kuti vaparidzi echiBuddha akazviratidza muna China kare, asi hapana uchapupu ichi.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mashoko masayendisiti zvakasiyana kuti zvimwe zvinyorwa vanoti chiBhudha dzakatangira China panguva apo kwatova chiTao uye chiConfucian. Shanduro iyi haana Mhedziso uchapupu, asi nyasha nemasayendisiti akawanda kwairi.

Chokwadi chokuti chiConfucian, chiBhudha mu China chaizvo chaizvo interconnected. Kana vateveri vaviri nemiitiro regai musiyano zvinodavirwa muchitendero zvitendero, zvimwe vangadai batanidza kuva chete negwara. A kusiyana kwakanga nokuti kuti muBhudha in Ancient China kusvika pamwero kunetsana pamwe dzemunharaunda yezviito mu konfutsianstve.

Vakauya chitendero kupinda China vatengesi vakatevera pamwe Mukuru Silk Road nevamwe anoti. About remakore rechipiri AD, chiBhudha akatanga kufarira uye Imperial dare.

Asi yei Chinese vanhu vaigona kuva nyore kurega yekare, kunyange zvakafanana, zvitendero uye vave dzidziso itsva? Chokwadi kuti chiBhudha akanga panoonekwa Chinese kwakaita dikidiki chiTao mutsa, kwete nzira itsva. With chiTao uye chiBhudha uyewo akatibvunzisisa zvakanyatsobatana pamusoro nguva, uye nhasi, nezveizvi maviri kwazvo zvakafanana. History kupinda dzidziso Buddha kuna China inoguma pakutanga remakore rechipiri, apo zvakatanga, "Nyaya 42 Sutra" - munhu rakanyorwa mashoko dzidziso inokosha.

Monk imwe shigao

Muvambi chiBuddha, tinoziva, asi anonzi muvambi chitendero ichi mu China? Uyu murume chaizvo akanga kundomudana imwe shigao. Aiva Parthian mumongi akasvika muguta Luoyang. Yaiva murume akadzidza, uye nokuda kwaizvozvi akaita basa guru. Ichokwadi, haana kushanda oga, asi boka vabatsiri. Pamwe vakasudurukira anenge 30 nziyo dzechiBhudha.

Nei izvi basa rakawanda? Chokwadi ndechokuti kushandura chitendero acho haasi kuoma, asi kuita zvakanaka, kunzwisisa yemunyori chinangwa ndachiseva pfungwa yake maonero - hazvisi zvose muturikiri anozvigona. An shigao akazviita, uye akasika shanduro yakanaka kuti zvakazara zvinoratidza musimboti dzidziso dzechiBhudha. Kunze izvi akaparadzawo nevamwe mamongi, uyo akashandura sutras. Mushure yokutanga rakavimbika kutapurirana vanhu vakawanda vava kuziva itsva muitiro.

Kubva panguva ino yaMakoronike nguva kakawanda ataurwa pamusoro kumitambo huru dzakaitisa muBhudha dzemamongi. sangano rechitendero akatowedzera yakakurumbira pamwe roga gore, sezvo mamishinari zvakawanda vatorwa akaonekwa hurumende. Asi pasinei intensification pamusoro azvaiitwa, kunyange zana haina kuzivikanwa China iri yepamutemo chechetere.

Troubles nguva

ChiBhudha mu China yekare chaionekwa kwazvo, asi nokufamba kwenguva mberi, kuchinja vanhu uye simba. A akacherekedza nokuchinja kwakaitika IV remakore, kana vakatanga kukunda pamusoro vatongi repamusoro. Nei chitendero chitsva nokukurumidza akava akakurumbira zvakadaro?

Features chiBuddha muna China, iri chokwadi kuti unouya munguva dzenhamo kana vanhu vari kugutsikana uye vavhiringidzika. Zvino nenguva ino. Hurumende vakatanga Troubles. Mharidzo muBhudha akashanyira nevanhu vazhinji, nokuti matauriro akasimbisa vanhu uye kuunza runyararo pane hasha uye utsinye. Uyezve, izvi vakanyarara manzwiro aiva akakurumbira chaizvo pakati revatongi vanhu.

Vairemekedzwa South China aida kuenda kubva kuitika, uye zvakajairika vanhu vakanonga kugona ichi chete ari siyanei chimiro. Zviri munguva dzenhamo vanhu vanoda vanoshamba munyika yake yomukati, kuti kuwana pachake varipo uye kunzwisisa vamwe. Izvozvo kunyanya chiBhudha mu China - akapa vateveri vake mhinduro mibvunzo inovhiringidza. Mhinduro vaiva unobtrusive, nomumwe akasununguka kusarudza pachake nzira yayo.

Maererano yakavimbika, zvinganzi kuti munyika panguva iyoyo yakakura Kuchinja chiBuddha, zvakawanda ngwariro rwakabhadharwa kuna pakufungisisa. Imhaka ichi nguva vanhu kuti vagamuchire itsva sezvo nadzurudzo ari nechakare chiTao.

mamiriro ezvinhu aya kwakaita kuti kusikwa ingano pakati pavanhu kuti verenga kuti Lao Tzu abva misha yavo uye akaenda kuIndia, uko akava mudzidzisi Buddha. Uchapupu muzvinambiri ichi asina, asi Taoists aiwanzoshandisa rake polemical kutaura pamwe vaBuddha. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, shanduro mashoko akawanda kwazvo okutanga akakweretwa kubva Taoist chitendero. Panguva iyi chiBuddha muna China nayo kunoratidzwa yokuti anovandudza mumwe Chinese muBhudha hutsvene, izvo zvinosanganisira Chinese shanduro kubva Sanskrit mumagwaro uye zvinyorwa kubva kuIndia.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa mumongi Dao An, akaita mupiro mukuru kukudziri- chiBuddha muna China. Iye vaiita basa roumishinari uye mutsinhiri, akaita mitemo yemamongi uye akatanga chitendero chainamata Maitreya Buddha. It Dao An akatanga kuwedzera mazita zvose mamongi echiBuddha (nokuti kuti Gautama Buddha akabva Shakya dzinza) chivakashure "Shi". Mudzidzi ari mumongi vachishingaira nharo uye akadzivirira chinyorwa haritorwi mutongi chitendero, uye ndiye akasika kunamatwa Amitabha, uyo akava zvikuru nomukurumbira uye nevakawanda mwari kuFar East.

Kumarajiva

Pane dzimwe nguva zvakanga vaidavira kuti China - pakati chiBuddha. pfungwa iyi yaiva nevanhu mumazuva iwayo, kana hurumende yave nyaya kurwiswa kuti nhamba yemadzinza anongofamba. Chitendero chete chokuzviona chokuti iri China dzakawanda vakavhengana ethnicities. Akauya madzinza zvakanaka vakagamuchira kutenda itsva, nokuti akavayeuchidza mashiripiti nechishamani.

Kumarajiva - yakakurumbira mumongi-muparidzi kuchamhembe China. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti muchikamu chino mamiriro, chitendero rakavapo pasi omei chaizvo kudzora mambo. It Kumarajiva vakaisa kunyatsogona muBhudha zvikoro China. Iyewo mubasa shanduro mumagwaro ekare uye kuparidza. Mugore V-VI emakore yakatanga mutsauko yakajeka pamusoro mapazi chitendero (izvi vakatanga Kumarajiva). Achishingaira huchibva muitiro "Indianisation" uye kuitwa chaiwo pfungwa dzechiBhudha. Followers ichapamuka, yaiva chidzoke dzakasiyana zvikoro 6. Saka, kwokupedzisira chimiro Chan chiBuddha muna China.

chikoro neimwe yakanga dzikarongwa kumativi ayo mutsivi, uyewo kumativi mamwe magwaro (original Chinese kana muBhudha). Kuti mudzidziri webasa mumongi Kumarajiva akasika dzidziso kuti mudzimu Buddha aripo pakurarama zvose, uye kuti iwe unogona kupukunyuka achibatsirwa "kusingatarisirwi chiedza."

Liang chigaro

Zvinoitwa chiTao uye chiBuddha pamusoro Chinese tsika aita basa rayo. Nechekare muna VI remakore, chiBhudha akava chitendero pamutemo uye ringareva uno. Zvisinei, sezvo isu munotoriziva, ichi chakaitika pasina vatsigire simba chikuru vakasagona. Ndianiko vakabatsira ichi? ChiBhudha vanomutsirwa kuvandudza Emperor Wu of Liang dzinza. Akapedza chaizvo zvinoshamisa zvinhu. dzemamongi dzechiBuddha vakava mikuru varidzi venyika, vakatanga vaunze kwemari Imperial dare.

Kana uchibvunza mhando chiBuddha muna China, ndiyo unequivocal mhinduro hapana vachakupai. Yakanga paitonga Mambo Liang dzinza roumambo akaumba anonzi dzakaoma ari zvitendero zvitatu, kana San jiao. Dzidziso dzose nevatatu mukwanisi nomumwe. Zvaidavirwa kuti dzidziso wechiBuddha zvinoratidza nechinzwano yakavanzika uchenjeri Chinese vakachenjera. Uyewo panguva ino, chiBhudha aiva niche kuti atora nzvimbo yakakodzera netsika the Chinese vanhu - tiri kutaura tsika dzemariro.

Danho iri kunoratidzwa pakuti Chinese vakatanga kupembera munyengetero basa uye Zuva reMweya Yose kupemberera Buddha zuva rokuberekwa. Pane kuwedzera awana chitendero kuti akaburukira nokubudiswa mhuka. chitendero ichi wamuka kubva padzidziso zvipenyu ane zvishoma pamusoro Buddha.

chikoro chiBuddha

Kupararira chiBuddha muna China zvakaitika zvakanaka nokukurumidza. Munguva pfupi takakwanisa kutanga zvimwe chikoro pakati Chan chiBuddha, aiva chinokosha kwakabatsira tsika kuFar East. zvikoro zvose zvinogona kukamurwa zvitatu mapoka: akadhindwa ose sutra uye dhyana chikoro.

akadhindwa School kwaibva Indian masayendisiti. Vateveri kuitika ichi nehanya zvikuru nemibvunzo ouzivi pane kuparadzira dzidziso dzake. vanhu munhuwo nemamongi vaiva kuchikoro, akanyora akadhindwa nevazivi uye vakadzidza zvinhu zvakanyorwa kare. Chimwe chikamu kwavo mabasa vave rakashandurwa kubva Indian magwaro kupinda Chinese.

School sutras hwakavakirwa kumativi chimwe chinyorwa mukuru, izvo akasarudza mutungamiri. Zvanzi Rugwaro achiteverwa vadzidzi zvose, uye ichi ndipo vakawana soro kuratidza uchenjeri Wat. Sezvataona kare akaziva kuti sutras chikoro dzinobva dzakananga nedzidziso-vezvitendero rwezuva. Pasinei neizvi, vateveri dzinobatanidzwa uye kufunga zvakawanda yokungotaura nouzivi nyaya. vakava noushamwari yakagozha gadziriro, izvo zvakaoma anotaurwa imwe Indian magwaro.

Dhyana School - a vanoita chikoro. Pano vateveri kuita yoga, kufungisisa, kunyengetera uye vakadzidziswa Psychotechnics. Vakaenda ruzivo rwavo kuvanhu, akamudzidzisa nyore nzira kuti akuteerere simba rako uye kurishandisa mugwara. Kunosanganisirawo chikoro uye chikoro chechitendero kuperetera yemamongi chirango.

ChiBhudha uye tsika nemagariro

Hapana mubvunzo kuti chiBhudha muna Chinese mutsika kunokosha basa rinokosha. Kunamata uku kunyatsooneka kupfuura mabhuku, mapurani uye uri munyika. Mumazuva muBhudha mamongi nenhamba yakakura kwazvo dzemamongi, machechi, namapako uye dombo zvivako dzakavakwa. Ivo zvakasiyana mapurani nokubwinya.

Sechivako izvi nguva dziri ichazivikanwa noku kwezvokufuka uye simba, kuti inoratidza non-kuchinja zvakaita vaBuddha. Zvivako zvitsva rechitendero chete achiudza vakwegura uye dzakaipa zvivako China. Vakamira Tiered matenga, izvo zvinomirira denga. Vose chivakwa chitsva uye pevhu zvivako ndiwo chinokosha munhoroondo sezvivako. Very organically huchikanganiswa mapurani Ensemble pamusoro Pamifananidzo, Bhanabhasi-reliefs uye maitiro woita chivezwa.

Zvivako woita zvave zvakakurumbira China kwenguva refu, asi mumazuva ari muBhudha mamongi, vakawarira vazhinji. To musi, raishanda temberi dzose Chinese zvinogona kuonekwa zvivezwa chaiko kune Indo-Chinese tsika. Pamwe chete chitendero munyika uye ane mhuka idzva, izvo kazhinji dzinogona kuwanika siyana sculptural mabasa - shumba. Kusvikira nguva kupinda zvinodavirwa Gautama, mhuka yakanga anenge asingazivikanwi Chinese vanhu.

Kuti chiBhudha akatipa Chinese tsika, rudzi rudo nokuda prose, izvo zvakanga zvamboshandiswa zvikuru zvakafanana ikoko. Pfupi nyaya akazova kupfuura zvinodhura kuti Chinese nemaonero yokunyepera kwevanhu. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kwaita ingano mu China kwakakonzera pakusikwa hombe Genres akadai ainakidza yokufungidzira.

Kuti Zen chiBhudha inoita basa rinokosha pakugadzirwa Chinese painting. Vemifananidzo Sung Buddha School vaivapo zvose kuti kuhwina shure basa rinokosha, saka kuti mifananidzo yavo havana Linear maonero. Dzemamongi akava mupfumi mashoko, sezvazvakanyorwa vakaungana pano, vofungisisa uye akanyora mabasa avo guru mamongi, vanodhirowa mifananidzo, vananyanduri uye vazivi. Vanhu ava chete akauya wemamongi kusiya kunze nyika uye utevere yenyu yomukati okusika nzira. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti wokutanga Chinese Monks tega chinogumbura yokudhinda, i.e. kudhinda chinyorwa achishandisa chokuwanziridza kuburikidza chizvaro (mapuranga girazi vatambi).

Chinese tsika nemukanwa zvikuru kukasawedzerwa kuonga ngano wechiBuddha uye ngano. Philosophy uye mungano chaizvo zvakanyatsobatana mupfungwa vanhu, izvo zvakakonzera kunyange ukama pazviitiko chaiko yezvaiitika kare. Great rokuchinja pfungwa ouzivi China vaiva muBhudha pfungwa pakarepo chiedza uye kunzwisisa.

Zvinoshamisa, kunyange rinozivikanwa tii Chinese tsika anewo yakatangira muBhudha yemamongi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti unyanzvi kunwa tii yakatanga panguva apo mamongi vakatsvaka nzira kufungisisa uye kwete nehope. Nokuti ichi yagadzirwa uye anobatsira uye kunosimbisa zvinobata - tii. Maererano nengano, mumongi nehope patinofungisisa, uye kuti uwane izvi zvichiitika, akavacheka eyelashes ake. Rawa eyelashes vakapa matavi they mugwenzi.

chipo

Hazvina pane nhasi chiBhudha mu China? Mhinduro pfupi yomubvunzo uyu kwakaoma. The ndechokuti enhoroondo ezvinhu vakadaro kuti kubvira 2011 basa vaBuddha riri pasi zvachose kuzvidzora mu China. Izvi imhaka yokuti ano Chinese simba kubva 1991, ari yakaoma nomutemo. Hurumende pachayo dzokwenyu mitemo kuti vanofanira kuva chiBhudha mu China.

Kunyanya, mamongi vaifanira kusiya Dalai Lama XIV, saka kuti kudzidza mukomiyunisiti magwaro. VaBhudha kwomuzvarirwo kuti ichi kunonzwisisika. ChiBhudha mu China ane mukana kuumba uye kuwana vateveri itsva. mutemo uyu ehurumende kwakaita kuti vakawanda zviitiko kusungwa uye zvemasanga. Zvinosuruvarisa kuti zvevakomana, China haagamuchiri chiBhudha zvayo dzinongoitika chimiro. Zvichida munguva yemberi mamiriro zvichanaka, nokuti nhoroondo yacho Chinese vanhu pedyo chaizvo kune wechiBuddha nezvoupenyu.

Achiratidza, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti uzivi yekare China chiBuddha anoona sechinhu zvakafanana uye chizvarwa. Pasi dzechitendero uye dzouzivi pfungwa munyika Handingambofungi pasina pfungwa dzechiBhudha. Mashoko akadai sokuti "China", "chitendero", "chiBhudha" iri nhoroondo kwakabatana uye vasingasiyani.