Sultan hweOttoman Empire uye 99th Halif Abdul-Hamid II: Biography, mhuri

At pakutanga XIX remakore hweOttoman Empire aiva mamiriro yedambudziko. Izvedonnaya hondo shure muzvinhu zvose, nyika inoda imwe overhaul. Tanzimat kuchinja, izvo dzakapinzwa kubva 1839, Abdul Medzhid I, dzakachinja nayo chokwadi. Asi ari '70s, paitonga Sultan Abdul Aziz, vauya richarova. Hurumende iri rinenge kusauka. Mitero wakamanikidzwa vaKristu yokumukira. Kunzarwo kupindira masimba European. Ipapo New kuvaOttoman, inotungamirirwa Midhat Pasha, uyo akarota ramangwana riri nani nokuti nyika, akapedza akawanda wamambo the, somugumisiro rakasvika kuna simba, Abdul-Hamid II.

Murume uyo wakarovererwa ayo tariro mberi vakadzidza, razova imwe yenzvimbo utsinye autocrats umambo, uye kwake ainzi "zulyum", iro rinoshandurwa kubva Turkish rinoreva "kudzvinyirirwa" kana "vanodzvinyirirwa".

Ndivanaani Abdul Hamid II

Abdul Hamid II akaberekwa musi waSeptember 22, 1842. Vabereki vake vaiva Sultan Abdul Majid I uye mudzimai wake wechina Tirimüjgan Sultan, akanga, maererano imwe shanduro, iyo Armenian, nezuva rimwe - the Circassian mavambo.

ramangwana mambo The dzidzo yakanaka. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa zvikurukuru yaizivikanwa munyaya zvechiuto. Abdul-Hamid ainyatsogona mumitauro inoverengeka, yave Kutsaura nhetembo uye mumhanzi. Iye kunyanya akada dhanzi yakakunda yemberi caliph munzendo dzake Europe. Nokuti hweOttoman Empire nounyanzvi zvakadaro kwakanga chinhu isingazivikanwi uye mutorwa, asi Abdul-Hamid unomushandira nesimba kukura kwayo kumba. Iye kunyange akanyora dhanzi ndokuriisa Istanbul. Apo August 31, 1876, Abdul-Hamid akasvika choumambo, hapana angadai akafungidzira kuti aizova musiki kwete chete ounyanzvi asiwo reropa rine hurumende, iyo ichabviswa nemazana ezviuru zvevanhu.

Entry pachigaro "Bloody Sultan"

Mumakore iwayo, kuvaOttoman itsva zvose kuita kuunza shanduko uye bumbiro remitemo. Kuchinja Abdul-Aziz Akabviswa pamwe yavanopedza May 30, 1876, uye mazuva mashomanana gare gare kuurayiwa. Panzvimbo yake, Dare racho akaisa Murat V, munun'una Abdul-Hamid. Iye rinozivikanwa unyoro hwake nounhu, tsitsi uye dzidzo kuchinja. Asi ropa feuds, pakarepo-vakawana simba uye kudhakwa kukonzera yakanyanya Kuparara muna Sultan idzva, imwe vasine upenyu girinihausi ezvinhu. Murat V kukwanisa kutarisira umambo, uye Chikurukuru, vasingagoni kupa nyika bumbiro.

Mamiriro ari State uye kunze kuwedzerwa. Serbia neMontenegro akazivisa hondo Empire, kuedza kudzivirira vaKristu Bosnia and Herzegovina, vapanduki pamusoro Turkish joko. Murat V akanzi anopenga uye simba rakanga Abdul Hamid II, kuvimbisa kuvaOttoman itsva kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvavo zvose.

Kuziviswa yokutanga Turkish remitemo

Panguva mwoyo, kuti Caliph akanga asiri mutsigiri worupo pfungwa. Asi pachena kuratidza chinzvimbo chavo ndokumuisa choushe Turkish intelligentsia raiva nengozi. The itsva hweOttoman Sultan akatanga kunonoka kuziviswa reMitemo, aireva kusakwana kwayo. The Basic Law kunoramba reworked uye nomucheka-zvirire. Zvichakadai, Russia akarayira mhedziso norugare Serbia neMontenegro, uye vachishanda pamwe nemasimba European akatanga kuva Bulgaria kuti kuzvionera chirongwa, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Mumazuva ano zvatoitika mamiriro, Midhat Pasha akanga akagadzirira chero chibayiro nokuda kuziviswa bumbiro. Abdul-Hamid akagadza musoro mutsva hweOttoman Grand Vizier uye vakabvuma mashoko pasi ezvinhu kuwedzera mumwe chinhu kune chinhu. 113, zvichienderana iyo, kuti Sultan anogona vaidzinge chero chakaipa chake. The Constitution chaiva kupa rusununguko uye kuchengeteka ose munhu, zvisinei nechitendero, rakaparidzirwa December 23, 1876 panguva Istanbul musangano. In yayo sarudzo, Abdul-Hamid kwenguva mitezo kuita European kuzosunungura vaKristu uye wakasara simba rakapotsa risingaperi.

The hwokuuraya kuvaOttoman itsva

Pakarepo mushure kuziviswa reMitemo of caliph akatanga kumhura Treasury uye kuzozivisa udzvanyiriri pakati yemo mapepanhau. Zviito izvi zvakakonzera mhirizhonga pamwe Midhat Pasha, uyo akaratidza pachena kusagutsikana pamwe mabasa Sultan. Abdul-Hamid kuteerera okutsutsumwa kusvikira chikuru vizier haana kunyora naye tsamba akashinga. Mariri Midhat Pasha vakati caliph pachake kunokutadzisa kukura ehurumende. HweOttoman Sultan, achigumburwa nokuzvikudza kwakadaro, akarayira asungwa musoro constitutionalists nunurai chikepe "Izzedin" mukuru uyo aifanira kutora Midhat Pasha chero vatorwa pachiteshi aanozvisarudzira. The Caliph aiva nekodzero nemhaka Kunze Art. 113 reMitemo hweOttoman Empire.

yakawanda udzvanyiriri pamusoro liberals, asi havana kushaisa ruzhinji kushatirwa akanga kuitwa mwedzi unouya. Creators wokutanga remitemo haana hanya mukirasi rutsigiro, saka namaoko avo akanaka pachena vakadzima vavanyengedza Abdul-Hamid II.

Pakutanga nguva "zulyuma"

The Caliph anoronga hapana bumbiro pasi zvaisanganisira, kana zvaidiwa masimba European. Protocol, akambochera nazvo vachangobuda Istanbul Conference, vakakumbira chisimba pamusoro vaKristu vakanga amurove, Abdul Hamid II nyore kuteerera. Uye Russia akazivisa hondo Empire, izvo akaratidza zvose chinonyangadza uye backwardness sultanatskogo utongi kubva muna April 1877. Muna March 1878, aiva kukundwa hweOttoman Empire rakazara. Panguva ino, migumisiro hondo dzakanga kupfupikiswa panguva Berlin Congress, nemhizha Abdul-Hamid ichiputswa paramende nokusingaperi, nokudaro nokunyima mubumbiro mauto.

Hondo vakauya umambo guru miganhu varasikirwa. Kubva pasi simba wake akabuda Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania, uye mamwe mapurovhinzi. Hurumende yapa indemnity hombe, uye Abdul Hamid II pakupera reCongress kwaiva kuti kuchinja muzvinhu ine vokuArmenia. Zvaizoratidza sokuti upenyu hwechiKristu rinofanira akavandudzika, asi Sultan hweOttoman Empire haana kuzadzika zvipikirwa. Uyezve, pashure runonyadzisa kukundwa muhondo akarurama pfungwa pakupedzisira makapwanya uye nyika akauya dema nguva, inonzi "zulyum".

The zvoupfumi Kuderera munyika

Abdul-Hamid iri ratorwa simba zvachose. Akaedza kuchengetedza miganhu kuvimbika hurumende kuburikidza dzidziso pamusoro Islamism. 99th Caliph zvinomudzora zvinodiwa vechiArabhu, Circassian uye Kurdish feudal madzishe, soro vatungamiriri vechitendero vaMuslim uye yakakura muboka revatungamiriri. Chaizvoizvo vakatonga nyika. Asinganyunyuti chiteshi akava chitoyi mumaoko avo. Treasury kukasawedzerwa tichiregeredza dzimwe kwezvikwereti. Zvikwereti vakakura uye vatorwa unozvipiwa tendero. Power zvakare akazivisa pacharo kusauka. Chikwereti Empire yakaumbwa "Department hweOttoman yavose chikwereti." Nyika akawira chose aidzorwa international zvemari uye hunodzorwa yokumwe guta mairi, iyo chete nokupamba zvakatoitika murombo. Tax pakudzvinyirirwa munyika kwakawedzera yekudyidzana. simba guru yakapararawo, kuva Semi-muhutongi yokumwe.

Paranoia uye vanodzvinyirirwa

Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, Sultan kwaisava vachitya njodzi Abdul-Aziz uye Murat V. Kutya inobvira deposition yamambo nevapanduki ndokupinda paranoia, waiva pasi zvachose zvose. Yildiz Palace, izvo Akagarisa Caliph, yakazadzwa nemagadhi.

Imomo wanga kushanda siku kwavari Bureau, kudzora mabasa madhipatimendi ose ehurumende, uye njodzi dzakakwirira Sanov Empire. Chero chinhu chiduku kuti akaita kukuru Abdul Hamid aigona arasikirwe munhu kwete chete kune kurasikirwa panzvimbo, asi upenyu. The intelligentsia kwazova muvengi mukuru waJehovha Sultan, saka iye achishingaira akakurudzirawo nokusaziva. No mufundisi, ndokunanga wedhipatimendi Zvengarava, akanga dzidzo hapana yepamusoro. Nokuda yaigona kupfuura kuti unreliability, uye saka kunaka kusvikira Sultan. Dzematunhu machinda uye vaisagona vanozvirova kumusoro nemagariro chechetere. In madenderedzwa dzavo akatonga nehanya uye uori. Abdul Hamid pachake akasarudza haana kusiya mumuzinda. Kunze chete selyamlik. Akaronga hombe musori nomumbure uye akasika mapurisa epachivande, razova akakurumbira munyika yose. On Wakabuda nakisisa inopfupikisa kubva kuruzhinji chikwama.

Spy zvakarukwa uye mapurisa epachivande

Hapana munhu munyika havana kunzwa vakachengeteka. Vanhu vakatya kunyange dzepedyo varume - vakadzi, madzibaba - vana. okushora kutevera pavo, kusungwa uye kubudiswa zvakanga zvakajairika. Kazhinji munhu chete akaurayiwa pasina kutongwa. Vatungamiri kuongorora vanhu vazive kumeso uye paanenge kwokupotera kwariri. Zvokuongorora chaiitirwa uye-soro pamisara. Sultan aiziva nezvazvo zvachose zvose, kusanganisira madyiro. Kunyange anofungidzirwa kuti Caliph munhu aisagona kurarama murugare. Inside mudare camarilla akarembera hunodzvinyirira tsiye nokutya uye kunyumwira. Vashori vaiva ose pakona nyika. Iye vakatama kubva zvinenge zvose vatsigiri zvinhu.

nzwisisika kusenza

Printing rave pasi zvikuru kusenza. Kuwanda mabhuku shoma zvinoshamisa. Mashoko akadai sokuti "rusununguko", "muchivadzvinyirira", "kuenzana" vaionekwa anokurudzira kupandukira. Kushandiswa yavo aigona neupenyu hwake.

Kurambidzwa mabhuku vaiva Voltaire, Byron, NdiTolstoy, uye kunyange Shakespeare, chidimbu nhamo "Hamlet", nekuti yakanga kupondwa amambo. Vanyori Turkish akatoedza mumabasa ake vasafurirwe uye dzezvematongerwo enyika.

Africa nokungwarira kuongororwa. Chero vakasununguka-nipped mu chipande. Nhoroondo Islam uye hweOttoman hwedzinza chakatsiva chinyakare hurukuro panhau nyika.

The vakawanda kuparadzwa vokuArmenia

Sultan hweOttoman Empire nemaune kudzvara kupesanisa pakati vaMuslim uye dzechiKristu kwevanhu. mutemo uyu ainzwisisa. Ruvengo anoita vanhu simba uye kuvhiringidzika kubva huru nyaya. Hapana munhu ari vaisagona kupa zvakakodzera kurambwa kuna Caliph. Akatsamwisa ruvengo pakati pamarudzi, kushandisa midziyo okuongorora nemapurisa. Ipapo vamabhiza "Hamidiya Bazaar" akasikwa nokubatsira pakati Kurds. Sultan thugs zvakatyisa yevagari. Kunyanya avo panezvinotyisa kutambudza vokuArmenia. Kubva 1894 kusvika 1896 vakauraya zviuru zvinenge 300. Man.

VokuArmenia panguva iyoyowo achibhandara mutero Kurds uye mitero umambo. Simba, ndaneta peutongi hweudzvanyiriri zviremera, vanhu vakaedza. Vachinyunyuta Mhinduro yakanga dzichapambwa misha, dzakati zvitunha kata kata. VokuArmenia kupiswa mupenyu, akakuvadza uye akaponda misha yose. Somuenzaniso, muna Erzurum vauraye akatora chikamu navanhu, uye nyore Turkish kwevanhu. Uye tsamba imwe hweOttoman musoja, yakanyorerwa mhuri, akati hapana vokuTurkey haana kukuvara, uye hapana vokuArmenia vasara.

Rakatanga nokushorwa

In pakati kutyisa kwakapararira nokupedzwa urombo akamira hondo wokuTurkey. It Sultan akachinja zvakaitwa. Vaiva mukuru-kuguma zvechiuto uye dzidzo yakanaka. Zvikurukuru, masoja Turkish vava kupfuura chinoziva vanhu umambo. Nomazvo muzvinhu zvose, vakakoniwa kutarisisa wakadzikama pane chii chinoita nyika yavo despotic Abdul Hamid ari 2nd nzira. Pamberi pameso avo vakapindira akanyadziswa uye rakaparadza umambo, iyo ushe nehanya uye kuba, mhirizhonga uye zvaibiwa kwakaenderera; izvo chaizvoizvo ari kutonga Europe, kuti abvise zvakanakisisa mupurovhinzi yacho.

Hazvinei zvakadini ikavhunga Sultan worupo kufunga pfungwa intelligentsia itsva, vachiri vakaberekerwa uye dzakabudirira. Uye muna 1889 pakava chakavanzika boka Young vokuTurkey, izvo chakaratidza kutanga ropa kurwisa kuti despotism pamusoro Abdul-Hamid. Muna 1892, izvozvo akadzidza Port. Students vakasungwa, asi pashure pemwedzi mishomanana iri Sultan avasunungura uye kunyange kutenderwa kuramba zvidzidzo ake. Abdul-Hamid aisada kuti vakuchidzire mumhepo muzvikoro uye vaikopa zviito zvavo pamusoro vaduku escapade. A echimurenga bato akaramba achipararira.

Young Zimbabwe Turk chimurenga

Kwemakore gumi, mumwe hondo Young Zimbabwe Turk masangano. Mumaguta, mapepa, mapepa, mapepanhau, izvo akarairwa Sultan hurumende kazhinji uye aitsigira bvisa yake. Aya Anti-hurumende yakasvika mugumo muna 1905 pakava yechimurenga Russia, akakurumidza akapindura mumwoyo Turkish vakadzidza.

Caliph vakarasikirwa zororo uye vakapedza nokusarara usiku vachitya kuti norunyerekupe pamusoro wake, kunyanya mutiny vengarava Russian pamusoro yehondo "Potemkin", zvakazadza mu Istanbul. Iye kunyange arayira kuongorora nyaya iri Turkish ngarava uto kuti kuziva echimurenga mweya. Sultan Abdul Hamid II ainzwa kuti kwake ari kusvika kumugumo. Uye muna 1905, kwaiva kuedza vachakundikana.

Makore maviri gare gare, mumwe Congress of Young Zimbabwe Turk masangano, uye kwakasarudzwa kuti akudubure ari Sultan uye vagari kuita kudzorera bumbiro. On kurutivi Young vokuTurkey kweMacedonia yakawira yevagari pacharo mauto Sultan raMwari. Zvisinei, caliph Akabviswa. Iye akaenda zvichemo, uye bumbiro rakanga kuzodzosera kuzivisa July 10, 1908.

End enguva "zulyuma"

Sultan hweOttoman Empire akazadzisa zvose zvaidiwa Young vokuTurkey, asi vairuka rangano pamusoro pakavanda bumbiro. History wakadzokororwa, chete kuguma akanga akasiyana. Pamwe chete nomwanakomana wake Burhaneddin vakaunganidza pakati yemo regiments vateveri, kusasa goridhe kurudyi nekuruboshwe. April usiku muna 1909 vaironga kupandukira. Young vokuTurkey varwi kubva chete hondo vakabatwa uye vazhinji vakaurayiwa. Army chichamuendesa kuna paramende chivakwa uye vakarayira kuti vashumiri achinje. Abdul-Hamid akazotaura vakaedza kuratidza kuti haana kubatanidzwa pakupandukira, asi hazvina zvazvakabatsira. Young Zimbabwe Turk "Army chiito" Istanbul akabata uye vakatora mumuzinda Sultan. Zvakapoteredzwa nekunyombwa vateveri vake uye nemhuri, akagura nenyika, akamanikidzwa yokuupa. April 27, 1909 kuti Sultan rakaparadzwa uye kuutapwa Salonika. Saka agumisa peutongi hweudzvanyiriri nehurumende, uyo painstakingly akasika Abdul-Hamid. Mukadzi akaenda naye. Asi kwete vose, asi chete kupfuura vakatendeka.

Family 99th caliph

Family Life Abdul-Hamid aiita hweOttoman Sultan. Caliph akaroora ka13. Vake vose vakasarudzwa akanga zvikurukuru kuda maviri: Myushfike uye Salih. Zvinozivikanwa kuti vakasiya Anobviswa Pachinzvimbo Sultan mudambudziko uye akaenda naye kuutapwa. Havasi vakadzi vose hweOttoman Sultan saka zvakanaka vakashanduka ukama. With Safinaz Nurefzun iye akarambwa asi panguva yake yokutonga, uye navamwe vake vakaparadzana Thessaloniki. Venhaka Caliph vakamirira unenviable mugumo, mushure Akabviswa Abdul-Hamid. Vana Sultan vakadzingwa muna 1924 kubva Turkey. Pachake aimbova Caliph akadzokera Istanbul makore mashomanana pashure muutapwa ndokufa muna 1918.