KuvaOttoman. Chigaro Turkish sultans

Nokuti vose vazhinji amakore, munguva iyo inotungamirwa uye kukura nyika yedu ukama madzinza vaigara yava Turkey, vakanga vasingawirirani. Akasimba vavengi vaiva nguva dzose kuvaOttoman, imba iyo anotonga hweOttoman Empire kwemakore akawanda.

Kupi vakabvepi?

Kunyange pakati Muchiuru chemakore chokutanga AD, panguva pakutanga ari Kutama Great, muAsia Minor vaiva vamiririri Turkic vaitaura madzinza wokutanga. Asi munguva Byzantine simba uye simba, kana hurumende nechepakati kwakanga kuchakasimba, ivo vakabudirira kutombozivikanwa muchiKristu uye shoma rokuchinja nhoroondo yacho haina inopiwa. Izvi zvakaenderera mberi kweanenge makore chiuru. Pakazosvika nguva Byzantine Empire akanga haawanzotauri kupikisa kuramba yokurwiswa navaArabhu, uye saka aisagona kuramba kuedza kunze kupindira.

Panguva iyoyowo, iyo Seljuks haachatauri ravo guru kuti richienda Anatolia, iyo yaiva yepakarepo kunharaunda Byzantine nyika. Vanosvika kubva Oghuz vokuTurkey, vaGiriki, vokuArmenia nevaPezhiya mumakore akatevera akatanga paumbwe vokuTurkey, izvo tinoziva nhasi. Asi izvi yaiva nguva yakawanda zvikuru uye kwakaoma, sezvo munzvimbo idzodzo kare kumusha vemarudzi mazhinji, vakawanda vacho vanozviti vaKristu.

VokuTurkey - kwete vokuTurkey

Kunyange chitarisiko vakawanda vokuTurkey vakanga vatova aizviti Islam, tichaona zvinhu hachina kuchinja. Zvinoshamisa, asi kwemazana emakore vamiririri zvitendero zviviri murugare pamwe nemumwe, pasinei kuti vokuTurkey achiitei mukuru zvepamusoro muhurumende.

Uye nekuti "vokuTurkey", iro Papera ikava Zimbabwe Turk, chingava tatamuka kuzodana "Musimboti" ari vanhu, apo vose vanhu vari muboka iri dzinza pakutanga akanga asina kuita. Sezvo vose vaiva kuvaOttoman, imba iyo zvino ushe kwemazana emakore akawanda?

Education hweOttoman Sultanate

Musanganiswa Islam uye zvetsika dzedzinza marongerwo vokuTurkey pachavo vave zvakafanorongwa unhu muchidimbu Sultanate. Somugumisiro - simba pakati, anodzora kwete chete mutongi asiwo bureaucratic midziyo. Mariri, nenzira, wakapata guru kwete basa vokuTurkey, asi zvose zvakafanana vaGiriki uye vokuArmenia. Kure enyika kwaidzorwa ne "muranda Institute", basa iro airidza simba Bey. Saizvozvowo, "District" ari dzainzi beylik. Mumwe akasiya kuvaOttoman. chigaro dzavo vakatanga pamwechete nomubati kunyanya muoni.

Up pasina chakanaka, izvi vasingagoni kupedza. Pakupedzisira, zviri Bey akatanga kutonga nyika, kushandisa chaizvo samambure hama dzake mudare. Muzana remakore rechi13 nhoroondo ramangwana kweTurkey zvavo yave pamusoro: wokutanga mupanduki Shiite rakakasharara revanhu vekapoka ikako, uye ipapo paiva nechisimba eMongolia. Sultan akafa. Beylik vaivawo kutambudzika ... Kunze zvaiva Osman Bey.

Muna 1299, akava mutongi wake ehurumende, nekuti kumuteerera, uye makuru, rakanga risina munhu. Ndiye aiva chaiye, uyo akaenda zvose haizopereri hweOttoman sultans.

Kuitwa Byzantine mapurovhinzi

Osman aiva rombo chaizvo: promongolskogo State centre yaiva kure, asi munhu asina kusimba uye kuti vapera basa Byzantium - pedyo. Zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kuisa kuti mupurovhinzi yacho, vachipfuura kutenga kure chikamu chakapambwa kuna Mongol nhume. Bey rakapinza vatsivi vari kuramba inobudirira mutemo: kutanga, ivo pakupedzisira "gondo," nokuti pachavo vose Asia Minor, uye ipapo burukai uye muBalkans.

Muna 1396, vokuTurkey vakakwanisa kurega hondo vakabatana pakati Dzorudzidziso, uye muna 1400 kusvikira akaenda kundorwa Constantinople. Pakutanga havana kubudirira, asi zvakadaro mazuva akare Byzantine vakanga pakupedzisira kuverengwa. Muna 1453 Constantinople, ari kuedza yechipiri yakanga zvisinei atora, uye yose, kusanganisira muBalkans, pakupedzisira akasvika pasi hweOttoman simba.

Road kuna East

Muna 1475 Krymskoe Hanstvo uyewo pakuzvidzwa muranda hweOttoman Empire. Pashure paizvozvo, chinonyanya kukosha dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana vaiva pamaoko vokuTurkey, chii havana kugona kushandisa. Muna 1514, yakasimbiswa Empire akakwanisa kukunda hondo Safavid Iran. Pashure paizvozvo, nyika anowana vakasununguka kuenda Arabhu East, uye zvakakoshesa, zvinoshamisa increments kunharaunda. Nechekare muna 1516, vokuTurkey chose kugara yose kuSiria kubvarura mberi. HweOttoman sultans "bhiza" iri chaiyo uye yokufananidzira.

Papera Chete gore vakanga kare yakarwisa muIjipiti, kupfuura hwokubvisa chose nesimba caliphs. The yokupedzisira rwauya zvakanaka chaizvo kuti Turkish Sultan yakava rinenge pamutemo mutsivi rokupedzisira Caliph, izvo akabvumira kuti chose kudzivisa zvisingadzivisiki mumamiriro ezvinhu, simba kurwisa uye hondo yevagari. In musimboti, kunyange zvimwe Sultan kuti vachiri noushamwari "nevanovhota", sapamakore apakutanga zvose achangopfuura, hweOttoman Empire akaora nokukurumidza akakura vakapfuma, rinopindura zvakanaka yakakunda dzavanhu, uye saka achida kuzvipira kubatana boka rakanga risisipo.

Accident anonzi kwakaoma, nokuti mune makore mashoma duku Beysky dunhu akagona kuratidza kuvapo vatongi zvakangwara, vakayambusa yakazvimirira uye ruzha mitemo. Raiva kuvaOttoman, imba iyo yabudirira kunoshamisa kubudirira, Turkey yakavakwa pamusoro wake ukuru. Vaimbove Turkish hwava kuwedzerwa uye kusimbiswa zvokuti akatanga anomiririra nenzira nengozi yose Europe uye Russian Empire.

Mukuwedzera, vokuTurkey vakasiya nyika yepamusoro tsika, specimens mazhinji kusvikira nhasi vari kuzvikudza Mumamiziyamu ari pasi pose. Asi vakanga hweOttoman sultans? List vatongi munyaya ino ndiyo zvachose dzavo mazita havagoni kupa (zvinondiremera guru), asi chikuru pfungwa achivapa.

Rinonyatsooneka hweOttoman sultans

Chokwadi, hatigoni kugara unhu Osman I Gazi. Akanga ari mutongi wenyika kadiki ruwa Turkish Sultanate, kumuka pashure mubati yakazvimirira mamiriro. aiva ani, iye murume uyu?

Akaberekwa muna 1258, akafa muna 1324 (maererano yaMakoronike). vaairarama vaimuona munhu "munhu vakashinga uye vakasimba nharo" nedhimoni "ufuza, asi yakaita zvakanaka." Ndakanga pachigaro choushe kubva 1281. Akavigwa Bursa, guva rake rakava muzinda outorwa vose vakarurama vaMuslim iyoyo. Vose Turkish vatongi, kuita hurumende zvakanaka, akataura mashoko mhiko ... kuti akanga agogodza kunze muguva Osman rokutanga, achiita somunhu epitaph. Saka, hweOttoman sultans muhurongwa ...

Sultan Orhan

Makore oupenyu - kubva 1281 kusvika 1360. Aiva mwanakomana worugotwe Osman. Urongwa kubatwa pamusoro Asia Minor, makasimbiswa uto dzose (Janissaries iwayo), vatongi hweOttoman vakatanga kukunda Europe nemaune. It Orhan ndiye munhu vanosungirwa vokuTurkey inotungamirwa dzinza ravo.

Sultan Murad II

Unhu haidereri inopenya pane ake nerakakurumbira mugadzi. Akararama munguva kubva 1403 ne 1451. Kuti usimbise mamiriro ose kuvaOttoman, nokuramba wakaomerera panzira woutsinye ose womukati pemhirizhonga kwevagari vemo. Panguva yokutonga kwake, Pope Eugene V akadana vaKristu vose inotevera kushingirira. Kusava nomusoro ezvinhu aiva kuti Murad akanga asiri muvengi vaKristu munyika yake anogona kugara pamwe chete vaviri zvitendero, mudzimai wake aiva mwanasikana wamambo wokuSerbia, akasununguka pachena chiKristu.

Akabvuma kuti vanoshorwa ezvinhu esungano, iyo dzataurwa nokuda Vatican. Dzorudzidziso chisimbiso mhiko yake Gospel, uye iye - pamusoro Koran. Asi nokukurumidza papa wokuSiriya akaputsa shoko ravo. Paiva kurwisana Varna. The Dzorudzidziso vakakundwa, uye vokuTurkey kuzonzi rakananga nzira kunyika Eastern Europe. Ndivanaani vaiva dzimwe hweOttoman sultans, muronga bhodhi iro kunoonekwa pamapeji mapepa edu.

Sultan Suleiman I Kanuni

Zita munhu uyu vanoziva kuti ani naani anofarira yepaTV "Zvikuru Century". Akararama munguva kubvira 1495 kusvika 1566. Unonzi "Mukuru", "mukuru", "muparamende." Zvichida, yaiva ichangoburwa ari dzinotevedzana mangwanani kuvaOttoman, chaizvoizvo vakakodzera kukudzwa yemadzitateguru. Kana Turkey here vaigara Parainge maruva, uye kana vazukuru vake vakatanga kuparara uye kutsakatika umambo. Tinogona kutaura kuti imba youmambo yacho kuvaOttoman munguva Suleiman pakutanga Zvikuru kuti ipere, nokuti ave kufanira muzukuru akanga asingakwanisi kurera.

Iye akawedzera umambo hwake kuitira kuti yakasvika kumucheto Strait of Gibraltar. Akarota yokutevera mumakwara Macedonia uye kubatanidza nyika yose pasi bapiro nyika yake, akapedza yakawanda zvinhu, kuramba kushanda kusvikira remakore rechi20.

History kwakaitawo zvabatwa kwaaiita rwatenzikadzi Roksolana, izvo zvinogona kuva pamutemo mudzimai wake. Izvi kukwanisa mamwe murongo muzvirevo mazana maviri nemakore. Mumakore okupedzisira oupenyu hwake akatungamirira kurwisa Hungary, asi kukunda haana kurarama. rufu rwake rwakanga chakavanzika kusvikira zvino, kusvikira choushe haana kukwira Sultan Selim. Aiva mwanakomana Suleiman uye Roxelana. Chidhakwa uye mbwende, akatanga pokuwa hwacho. Ndivanaani vaiva vamwe hweOttoman (Turkish sultans youmambo)?

Sultan Murad IV

Life Years - 1612-1640 gg. Mitemo kwemakore 17, "yakakurumbira" sezvo ropa mudzvinyiriri. Asi vakanga ake hurumende uye migumisiro yakanaka - kuti Murad akakwanisa kupedzisa aine achamera pokuwa hondo uye nehanya pakati viziers. Inouraya chete nokuda rokuurayiwa, akakwanisa kudzokera kumatare nokururamisira ... tadzoka akarasika pakazotanga Erivan uye Baghdad, asi vanonakidzwa zvibereko kukunda kare yapera. Rakanga rakakura vakadzikama, uye kunyange kuzvitsoropodza munhu, asi iye ava kutandadza akarayira kuti dzipa mukoma wake Ibrahim. Ndiyo yaiva wokupedzisira ndiye aifanira kuvaOttoman iri hono mutsetse, asi ...

Akaponeswa naamai vake. Ibrahim akatonga kwamakore 1640-1648. A mutongi simba, vanongomhanyirira uye zvikuru ruchiva murume: nevarongo nokuti abatwa kunyange mumaguta dzokugezera. Kazhinji akatendeuka kubva vakadzi uye nevanasikana vagari vakakurumbira uye vakuru akanaka panguva mumuzinda aifanira kupedza chihombe mari pamusoro kugarwa nyaya ... Pakupedzisira, vafundisi yakakwirira uye janissaries kukanganisa yose pakupedzisira vakaneta, zvakare, "rudo" mutongi nyore kutadza kufema. Chii vaiva vamwe hweOttoman sultans, ushe uhwo ndipo chokupedzisira kwezuva iri kamwe kweumambo hukuru?

Sultan Mahmoud II

Akararama munguva kubvira 1784 kusvika 1839. Pachokwadi I vairemekedza Petra Velikogo, uye iye kuzova muvandudzi rakanaka dzakaora uye tamba hweTurkey. Created mail, anoteerera kukuru Typography, kubudisa mapepanhau uye kudzorwa zvachose anongoda rose mamiriro midziyo. Asi izvi zvose zvakaitwa yapera: kwemasayendisiti weHurumende disintegration kwave kusingachamisiki. Anozivikanwa pakuti vakakumbira rubatsiro Nicholas I, kana zvakanga zvakafanira kudzvinyirira yemuna mumaruwa muIjipiti.

In dzakawanda weuto Russian zvakanga zvakakurumbira anobvumiranwa Constantinople kudzokera pachipfuva Church Orthodox, uye "kutaura zvazviri" zvigoneke. Asi Nicholas Ndaisada zvikanganise ukama Britain uye France, uye simba Turkey akanga zvikuru zvakanaka kuIjipiti paaida. Mahmoud pachake haana kurarama kwenguva yakareba pamusoro 54th gore hwake, akafa, uye kwete kusiya rinotevera doro.

Rarama ikoko munguva yedu kuvaOttoman? Imba munguva yedu, tinogona kutaura, haana riparare. Straight hapana venhaka, chete nevazukuru kure vaigara Turkey uye Europe.