The nzara Volga nharaunda 1921-1922, muna 1932-1933: zvikonzero. nhoroondo zvinhu

The nzara Volga dunhu - chimwe chezvinhu zvinosuwisa zviri National nhoroondo remakore rechi20. Paunoverenga nezvazvo, zvakaoma kudavira kuti zvakanga zviri chokwadi. Zvinoita sokuti mapikicha akatorwa panguva - iri footage kubva Hollywood marara-chinokatyamadza. Kuoneka pano uye cannibals, uye remangwana matsotsi Nazi uye makororo vemakereke, uye mukuru polar aiongorora. Haiwa, ichi hachisi ingano, asi zviitiko chaiye kuti kwakaitika zvishoma pane zana adarika pamahombekombe ari Volga.

The nzara Volga nharaunda yakanga chaizvo zvakaoma mumakore 1921-22 uye muna 1932-33. Zvisinei, zvikonzero zvaiva zvakasiyana. Muchiitiko chokutanga, chikuru vavo anomalies okunze, uye wechipiri - zviito zviremera '. Details zviitiko izvi zvichakurukurwa munyaya ino. Uchadzidza kuti utsinye aiva nenzara Volga mudunhu. Photos munyaya iyi - mupenyu uchapupu njodzi yakaipisisa.

Munguva Soviet, yakaitwa zvikuru "nhau kubva kuminda." In orutivi nhau nezvirongwa uye pepanhau rinoparadza kuwana nzvimbo matani akawanda zviyo. Kunyange iye zvino unogona kuona nhoroondo iri remunharaunda TV migero yakatsaurirwa nyaya iyi. Zvisinei, chitubu nechando kuti vagari vakawanda muguta - chete kujeka zvokurima mazwi. Tillers kubva paterevhizheni chiteshi anganyunyuta kwekushaiwa goho, rinorema kunaya uye zvimwe zvinoshamisa zvakasikwa. Zvisinei, isu kazhinji kuramba matsi nenhamo yavo. Kuwanikwa chingwa nezvimwewo zvino vaiona kusingaperi akapiwa, kwete kuti kusava. Uye njodzi okurima dzimwe nguva kusimudza mutengo wayo chete kuchitsauko rubles. Asi asingasviki zana apfuura, vagari Volga nharaunda yaiva mukati munhu anobatsira vanhu dambudziko. Kunyange zvazvo chingwa aikoshesa ayo uremu goridhe. Nhasi zvakaoma kufungidzira yakanyanya nzara iri Volga nharaunda sei.

The zvinokonzera nzara 1921-22.

Kukohwa Poor muna 1920 raiva chinodiwa kuti dambudziko rokutanga. In Volga akaunganidza chete anenge 20 poods zviyo. Enzanisa huwandu muna 1913 zvasvika pondo mamiriyoni 146,4. Zvisati nzara chakaunza patsime 1921. Atova May, tsanga chando vakaurayiwa Samara mudunhu, akatanga dziome yechirimo. Pakuonekwa mhashu vanodya chirimwa residues, uyewo kushaya mvura yakauraya kusvika 100% zvirimwa nokuda mangwanani July. Somugumisiro nzara iri Volga mudunhu. 1921 akava zvakaomera vanhu vakawanda munzvimbo dzakawanda munyika. In Samara dunhu, akadai vachiziya inenge 85% vemo.

Mugore rapfuura gore somugumisiro "yemuraudzo" dzakatorwa kubva vanhuwo zvavo, zvinenge zvokudya zvose zvokushandisa. In nezvibhakera nepfari chakaitwa kukumbira, kuti "kupa" hwaro. Chimwe mugari rwakabhadharwa mari nokuti panguva tariffs, wakasiyiwa hurumende. "Kukumbira" akanga inotungamirirwa izvi. Food tarisiro caffeine kana kumanikidzwa kutengeswa varimi vazhinji havana kufanana. Vakatanga kutora chokudzivirira "matanho". "Disposal" pasi reserves zvose uye bhari - nayo vaitengesa nevaya vanofungidzira, akanga hwakakanyiwa kupinda mhuka ngazvirege kufura, akadya pachavo, brewed bika anoritsanangura kana kuvanda nyore. pakutanga "Prodrazvyorstka" vakapararira pamusoro chingwa uye zviyo zvadzinofura. makore 1919-20 vakawedzerwa nyama uye mbatatisi, uye pakazopera 1920 - zvinenge zvose zvokurima zvigadzirwa. Varimi mushure pachisara 1920 kuwa dzakamanikidzwa kudya mbeu zviyo. Very yakafara jogirafi akanga nokufukidzwa nzara kumatunhu. Volga ichi (kubva Udmurtia kusvika kuGungwa reCaspian), kumaodzanyemba vemazuva Ukraine, chikamu Kazakhstan, Yuzhnyy Ural.

Zviito zviremera '

Critical aiva mamiriro ezvinhu. The USSR Hurumende haana zvokudya reserves kumisa nzara Volga mudunhu muna 1921. It aifanira kukumbira rubatsiro kubva capitalist nyika vakasarudza muna July gore rino. Zvisinei, kuti bourgeoisie rikasakurumidza kubatsira Soviet Union. Chete pakutanga kwematsutso Wekutanga rubatsiro ruyamuro. Asi zvakanga vasingakoshi. Pakupera 1921 - kutanga 1922 uwandu rubatsiro yakapetwa kaviri. In marwisa iyi Fridtjof Nansen, yakakurumbira musayendisiti uye polar aiongorora uyo akaronga chinoshingaira rutsigiro.

Batsirai America uye Europe

Nepo enyika Western vaifunga chii mamiriro kusunda Soviet Union mukutsinhana rubatsiro, zvitendero uye masangano pachena muna America uye Europe akaburuka basa. Zvikuru yaiva rubatsiro yavo mukurwisa nzara. Mabasa American Relief Administration (Ara) vasvika zvikuru zvizhinji. Rakanga inotungamirirwa Gerbert Guver, US Munyori Commerce (sezvineiwo, kuchitsigira Anti nokukurumidza). Zvinofungidzirwa kuti musi February 9, 1922 United States mupiro pakurwisa nzara vanofungidzirwa kuva mamiriyoni 42 emadhora. Enzanisa hurumende yeSoviet akapedza zvachose 12, 5 mamiriyoni emadhora kuti.

Activities rakatangwa muna 1921-22.

Zvisinei, Bolsheviks havana vakaneta. Chirevo Central Executive Committee muna June 1921 rakarongwa ne Central Committee Pomgol. Izvi basa rakapiwa masimba chaiwo mumunda nokuparadzirwa uye zvokudya. Uye pasi akasika makomisheni yakadaro. Kunze mubasa kushingaira achitenga chingwa. Special ngwariro wakapiwa kubatsira varimi vari kudyarwa yechando 1921 uye chitubu 1922. About mamiriyoni 55 matani mbeu dzakanga akatengwa kuti chinangwa ichi.

Hurumende Soviet vakashandisa nzara vazopa unorema akarova kuchechi. January 2, 1922 Central Executive Committee Bureau akasarudza kugumisa kereke pfuma. Kana ichi akanzi chinangwa chakanaka - mari kubva kutengeswa pfuma kuva nechechi, inofanira kuendeswa kutenga mishonga, zvokudya uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakakodzera. Muna 1922, zvivako wakabatwa chechi, iyo vanofungidzirwa rubles goridhe mamiriyoni 4.5. Chaiva chikuru chitsama. Zvisinei, chinangwa akataura akatumwa 20-30 chete% of mari. Huru chikamu yave "apedza" pariri, kuti vesa moto nyika chimurenga. Kunyange zvazvo vamwe anongoti trite wakabiwa vakuru pasi nedanho kuchengetwa, zvifambiso uye vasabatanidzwe.

Rinotyisa nzara 1921-22.

vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 5 vakafa nenzara uye nemigumisiro yayo. Kanokwana yakawedzera hunofa muna Samara nharaunda, richisvika 13%. Vana vakawanda vanotambura nenzara. Paiva kakawanda panguva zviitiko apo vabereki nemaune ndikabvisa mamwe miromo zvokudya. Iye vakapemberera kunyange kudya vanhu panguva yenzara muna Volga mudunhu. Vana vapenyu vakanga nherera uye kukasawedzerwa hondo vana pekugara. Mumisha Samara, Saratov, uye zvikurukuru Simbirsk vagari rakarwisa kanzuru. Vakakumbira kuti issuance kuti migove. Vanhu vakadya vose mombe, uye ipapo akasimuka pasi katsi imbwa, uye kunyange vanhu. Desperate matanho akamanikidza vanhu kuti vaende nenzara muna Volga mudunhu. Kudya vanhu aingova mumwe wavo. Vanhu vakatengesa pfuma yake yose kuti chimedu chechingwa.

Mitengo panguva yenzara

Nepo imba yaigona kutengwa nemari mugomo sauerkraut. Urban vagari vakanga vachitengesa nhumbi pedyo pasina uye zvimwe kuchengeta. Zvisinei, mumisha zvinhu vakashorawo. Mitengo chezvinhu akabhururuka. The nzara Volga nharaunda (1921-1922 gg.) Chakaita kuti yokufungidzira kuti vakatanga kuwanda. Muna February 1922, pana Simbirsk pamusika Peck chingwa anogona kutengwa 1,200 rubles. Uye March, vakakumbira miriyoni. Mari matapiri yakasvika 800 zviuru. Varikwizire. nokuti pud. With negore mari zvake mushandi akanga chiuru rubles.

Kudya vanhu panguva yenzara muna Volga nharaunda

Muna 1922, pamwe ichiwedzera maitikiro vakatanga kusvika muguta guru akashuma kudya vanhu. Zviwanikwa January 20, akataura nyaya Simbirsk uye Samara ake enyika, uyewo Bashkiria. Akaona chero nzara iri Volga mudunhu. Kudya vanhu 1921 akatanga kuwana tichimhanya mutsva inotevera, 1922. "Pravda" pepanhau musi waJanuary 27 akanyora kuti kuziya nzvimbo kusingasaruri kudya vanhu. In mumaruwa pakati Samara dunhu vanhu vakauya nzara kuti kupenga uye mwoyo, zvitunha zvevanhu vakanga vadya uye ukaparadza nevana vavo vakafa. Ndizvo vakauya nenzara Volga mudunhu.

Kudya vanhu muna 1921 uye muna 1922 akanga aona ne magwaro. Somuenzaniso, mashoko nhengo Volost Executive Committee kubva April 13, 1922 pamusoro odhita vomumusha Lyubimovka riri Samara nharaunda, zvakanzi akacherechedza kuti "tyisa kudya vanhu" zvinotora Ljubimovke vakawanda siyana. The por capita chitofu akawana chimedu chehove nyama dzevanhu, uye vari muhoro - hari ina nyama. mapfupa dzakawanda akawanikwa pedyo muberere. Kana mukadzi akabvunza pamusoro apo akatora nyama, iye akabvuma kuti mwanakomana wake ane makore 8-vekare akafa uye akanga gurwa. Ipapo iye akauraya wake mwanasikana ane makore 15 okuberekwa, apo iye akavata. Cannibals nguva yenzara muna Volga mudunhu 1921 vakabvuma kuti havana kunyange kurangarira zvakabikwa nyama dzevanhu, sezvo akadya ezvinhu okusaziva.

Newspaper "Upenyu Hwedu" rakashuma kuti mumisha Simbirsk zvitunha avete mumigwagwa, kuti hapana inochenesa. Upenyu hwevanhu vakawanda vaiti nzara iri Volga 1921. kudya vanhu chaiva zhinji chete nzira yokubuda. Zvokuti, kuti vanhu vakatanga kuverevedza reserves nyama yevanhu nemumwe, uye mune dzimwe townships zvokudya vakachera vakafa. Kudya vanhu panguva yenzara muna Volga mudunhu 1921-22. hapana vachashamiswa.

Migumisiro nzara 1921-22.

Muchirimo 1922 gore, ari GPU data, aiva mamiriyoni nzara 3.5, mamiriyoni 2 Samara mudunhu - muna Saratov, 1-2 - muna Simbirsk, 651,7 zviuru - muna Tsaritsin, 329,7 zviuru - Penza, 2.1 miriyoni - muna Tatrespublike, 800 zviuru - in Chuvash Republic, 330 zviuru - mune German Municipality. In Simbirsk nzara akanga akakurirwa chete pakazopera 1923. Province nokuti matsutso nokudyara akagamuchira zvekudya uye mbeu, kunyange muna 1924 imwe chingwa kuberekerwa mwana nomumwe akaramba inokosha zvokudya vanhuwo zvavo. Maererano okuverengwa inoitwa muna 1926, vagari enyika rakanga kuderedzwa vanenge 300 zviuru. Vanhu muna 1921 kubva typhus uye nenzara vakauraya 170 zviuru., 80 ndipo. Vaiva anobviswa uye kumativi 50 zviuru. Yasashii. Mune Volga nharaunda, maererano kuchinja nokufungidzira, akauraya mamiriyoni 5 vanhu.

The nzara Volga mudunhu 1932-1933.

In 1932-33. Nzara wakadzokororwa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nhoroondo chiitiko chacho iyoyo vachiri rinofukidzwa nerima uye kwakaminama. Pasinei pakaitwa yakabudiswa mabhuku nezvazvo gakava kuramba nhasi. Zvinozivikanwa kuti muna 1932-33. muna Volga nharaunda, kuti Kuban uye Ukraine haana kwemvura. Chii zvino vari kukonzera? Zvechokwadi, muna Russia yava tsika vakasonganira ane nzara zvokudya kusakura uye kwemvura. Weather in 1931-32. Zvakanga zvakanaka zvikuru kurima. Zvisinei, mukanyiwa zviyo kusakura chikonzero wakakonewa. Naizvozvo, nzara ichi hachisi mugumisiro dzinongoitika dzoga. Raiva mugumisiro Stalin wakateverera Agricultural Policy uye zvakaitwa miduku yokuruwa pamusoro payo.

The nenzara Volga nharaunda: Zvinokonzera

The pakarepo chikonzero anogona kunzi Anti-murimi mudiki mutemo nezviyo zvokuvakisa uye collectivization. Rakanga kunze kugadzirisa matambudziko kusimbisa simba Stalin uye kumanikidzwa kwemaindasitiri Soviet Union. Ukraine, uyewo huru zviyo-kukura nzvimbo Soviet Union, nzvimbo collectivization zvakakwana, nzara akarova (1933). Volga atange kufunga anotyisa njodzi.

Zvavakanga vachinyatsoongorora akafunga zvinyorwa, zvinokwanisika kuona kusikwa rimwe mashandiro mu izvi munzvimbo nzara mamiriro ezvinhu. Kwose kwose kwakanyorwa kumanikidzwa collectivization, dispossession, kumanikidzwa zviyo procurements uye voruzhinji zvokuvakisa okurima zvigadzirwa, zviri kudzvinyirira kuti murimi mudiki nemishonga. Pamusoro inextricable kubatana pakati nzara uye collectivization anogona kutongwa kubva ndechokuti boka akamisa akatsiga kukura mumusha muna 1930, kwakaitika mushure 1924-25 kuti nzara. Kushomeka kwezvokudya wakatozviitirwa chiratidzo 1930, apo collectivization akatakurwa kunze. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo North Caucasus, Ukraine, Siberia, Middle uye Lower Volga, nokuda danidziro nokuda zvokuvakisa dzezviyo 1929 chero matambudziko zvokudya. Mushandirapamwe uyu rava anowedzera kubatana-purazi racho.

Muna 1931, zvingaita sokuti, raifanira zvokudya nokuda varimi, sezvo zviyo-kukura kumatunhu ari USSR nokuda mamiriro akanaka okunze ndaitora goho zvinyorwa. Maererano pamutemo data, ndiyo mamiriyoni 835,4 cwt, kunyange chokwadi ndechokuti - hapana anopfuura mamiriyoni 772, zvisinei, akatendeuka kubva zvakasiyana. Winter-tsime 1931 aiva harbinger aizova nenjodzi.

The nzara Volga mudunhu muna 1932 kwaiva chezvaizoitika mugumisiro mutemo Stalin. Vazhinji tsamba Varimi of North Caucasus, kuti Volga nharaunda nezvimwewo. Regions of nokutambudzikira kuuya mupepeti wemapepanhau zvikuru. Mutsamba idzi, chikuru zvinokonzera matambudziko rinonzi mitemo ine collectivization nezviyo procurements. Muchiitiko chino, basa iri kazhinji basa Stalin pachake. Stalin kuti mumapurazi, sezvo zvakaitika 2 makore collectivization okutanga, chaizvoizvo akanga chokuita zvinodiwa vanhuwo zvavo. Zviremera funga navo zvikurukuru seinokonzera marketable zviyo uye zvimwe zvinogadzirwa zvokurima. Panyaya iyi, zvinodiwa varimi havana kumbofunga nezvarwo.

Under kumanikidzwa kubva Center zviremera zvomunzvimbo ngaarayire zvose chingwa iripo kubva munhu mumapurazi uye mapurazi. By "conveyor nzira" kuchenesa, uyewo pakaunda-zvirongwa nezvimwe matanho hwakagadzwa vakabatisisa kudzora yokukohwa. Kurovedzera uye vasingagutsikani vanhuwo zvavo utsinye chaizvo: kudzingwa, dekulakize, akanotongwa. Initiative kana rakabva pamusoro utungamiriri, uye Stalin pachake. Saka, zviri kuitika kubva pamusoro kumanikidzwa musha.

Yokutama zvavo kusvika kumaguta

The pamwero mukuru kutama kusvikira pamaguta murimi mudiki vemo, vakawanda vechiduku uye noutano nhengo dzayo, uyewo yekudyidzana simba muna 1932, inobereka vanokwanisa musha. Vanhu vava kubuda mumusha pakutanga nokuti kutya mungozi dispossession, uye ipapo vachitsvaka upenyu huri nani akatanga kusiya minda. Winter 1931-32 gg. nokuda kwazvo zvokudya mamiriro ezvinhu akatanga kutiza kupfuura vanoshingaira chikamu nomumwe varimi uye varimi muguta uye zvakaoma. Izvi hanya zvikurukuru nokushanda-zera varume.

The uremu zvibereko mapurazi

Vazhinji varimi vaida kubuda mazviri uye kudzokera chete utariri. Wokutanga hafu 1932 kwaiva yepamusoro vakawanda mbudo. Panguva ino yakaderera nezvikamu 1370,8 zviuru muna RSFSR kuwanda collectivized mapurazi.

Kuchera kudyara nokukohwa rutsigiro, 1932

By pakutanga kwematsutso rokudyara chirongwa muna 1932 mumusha yakanga yaparadzwa zvipfuwo uye akaoma chikafu ezvinhu. Naizvozvo, danidziro ichi kugona kuitwa panguva uye zvakarurama, nokuti vavariro zvikonzero. Uyewo 1932, hwakatadza kubvisa kanenge hafu yokukohwa. Large tsanga kuperevedza muSoviet Union pashure pakupera kokuchekwa zviyo zvokuvakisa chirongwa gore rino wakasvika simba pamusoro zvose kuzviitira uye chinangwa ezvinhu. Ekupedzisira anosanganisira yambotaurwa pamusoro nemigumisiro collectivization. Nyaya simbi, kutanga, vanhuwo zvavo vakaramba collectivization nezviyo zvokuvakisa, uye chepiri kwaitungamirirwa Stalin mumusha uye zvezviyo zvokuvakisa wokuti udzvanyiriri.

kutyisa nzara

The chikuru breadbasket of USSR vakagamuchira nzara, iyo ichiteverwa zvose zvinotyisa dzayo. Dzokorora pamusoro 1921-22:. Cannibals panguva yenzara muna Volga nharaunda, nzufu vasingaverengeki, zvokudya zvikuru mitengo. Vanotyisa mufananidzo kutambura muzvizhinji vemumusha kuzochera magwaro akawanda. The zviyo-asingatani nzvimbo collectivization zvakakwana, pfungwa epicenters nenzara. Situation chavagari voda zvakafanana kwazvo. Kutonga zvinogona maererano mishumo OGPU, zvapupu, akavhara kunyorerana Center Local Zvepamusoro, nezvokuonekwa enyika madhipatimendi ari MTS.

Zvikurukuru, zvakanzi vakawana kuti Volga nharaunda muna 1933, vakatapudzika anenge zvachose namagariro dzinotevera munharaunda iri Lower Volga nharaunda: yekare musha Grivko Ivlevka nomusha, vanoirima navo. Sverdlov. zviitiko chitunha-Kudya kunge kuzivikanwa, uyewo makuva nzara vakawirwa matsime zvachose mumisha Penza, Saratov, Volgograd uye Samara kumatunhu. Kwakadaro akanga achengeta, sokuziva, uye muna Ukraine, Kuban uye Don.

Zviito zviremera '

Panyaya iyi, kuitwa hurumende Stalin kwakaita kugadzirisa dambudziko vakabika pasi chokwadi kuti vagari, vari munzvimbo nzara, uye kupa chinokosha mbeu uye zvokudya zvikwereti, apo pamwe Stalin pachake mvumo. Zviyo kunze kwenyika kubva nyika iri Politburo chisarudzo April 1933, wakagumiswa. Uyezve, zvashata matanho akatorwa kusimbisa mumapurazi tichitarisa nesangano uye bhizimisi uchishandisa MTS madhipatimendi enyika. zviyo zvokuvakisa ekuronga wemuTesitamende 1933 zvakachinja musi yakatarwa mitemo makasimbisa pamusoro.

Today kwakaratidza kuti paitonga Stalin utungamiriri muna 1932-33. It glosses pamusoro nzara. It vakaramba kudzorera chingwa uye kusateerera pakuedza voruzhinji munyika yose kubatsira yevagari USSR. Kuziva nzara kwaizoreva kuzivikanwa pamusoro pokuwa nyika mazuvaano womuenzaniso vakasarudzwa Stalin. Uye akanga asina musoro ari akapoteredza simbisa nehurumende uye kukundwa kushorwa. Zvisinei, kunyange mukati rakasarudzwa mitemo hurumende Stalin aiva nemikana kuderedza mwero penhamo. Maererano D. Penner, zvinogona zvokufungidzira kushandisa normalization ukama pamwe United States uye kutenga pachisara dzavo zvokudya panguva chisingakoshi mitengo. Kutama aigona kuonekwa sechiratidzo yokufarirwa United States kurwisa Soviet Union. The chiito kukudzwa aigona "kufukidza" enyika uye pfungwa mari Soviet Union, kana iye akabvuma kubatsira America. Kubva danho iri, uyezve, hwaizova hwakanaka uye varimi American.

Kuyeukwa vanobatwa

Paungano Council of Europe, April 29, 2010 chisarudzo pamusoro rokuyeuka vagere munyika akafa muna 1932-33. somugumisiro nzara. Gwaro akati kuti izvi akasikwa "nemaune" uye nezviito "noutsinye" uye mitemo kwehurumende nguva.

Muna 2009, kuti "Chirangaridzo vakaurayiwa Holodomor muUkraine" yakavhurwa muKiev. In miziyamu ichi, vanoyeukwa Hall, aendesa bhuku pakuyeuka vakaurayiwa mavhoriyamu 19. It vakanyorwa 880,000 mazita evanhu vakafa nokuziya nenzara. Uye avo chete vane rufu nhasi rakanyorwawo. N. A. Nazarbaev, purezidhendi Kazakhstan, May 31, 2012 in Astana akavhura chirangaridzo yakatsaurirwa kuna vakaurayiwa Holodomor.