East Prussian mashandiro (1945). Strategic tsamwisa kushanda Guru Patriotic War

Mhiri kumberi guru-pamwero tsamwisa of Soviet Union yakanga kuitwa chando 1945. Mauto akarova pakurohwa simba kwose kwose. Command akatakura Konstantin Rokossovsky, Ivan Chernyakhovsky, Alexander Vasilevsky, uye Ivan Bagramyan uye Vladimir Tributs. Pamberi nemauto avo rinokosha tactical uye zvine urongwa chinangwa.

January 13 vakatanga yakakurumbira East-Prussian kushanda muna 1945. Vaivavarira nyore - kupwanya uye kuparadza yasara boka German muEast Prussia uye kuchamhembe chikamu Poland, kuitira kuvhura nzira Berlin. Kazhinji, basa rakanga zvikuru muchiedza kuchaitwa vakasara kurwisa kwete chete. Nhasi, zvinofungirwa kuti vanhu vokuGermany vakanga rinenge kare akunda. Izvi hazvisi izvo.

prerequisites Zvinokosha kuti oparesheni

Chokutanga, East Prussia aiva yakasimba yokuzvidzivirira, iro zvikuru anokwanisa kuzvitarisira kwemwedzi yakawanda, achipa vokuGermany nguva licking maronda. Chechipiri, mukuru wemapurisa German vaigona kushandisa chero zororo nokuda kuchaitwa zvokunyama Hitler uye kutanga kwakadzama kuti siyanei rugare ne "vatsigiri" yedu (pane yakawanda uchapupu urongwa hwakadaro). Zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti kudzivisa chero miedzo izvi. With muvengi nokukurumidza uye kusarudza vanofanira kupedza.

zviri nharaunda

The kumabvazuva chaizvo kumugumo Prussia aiva nengozi zvikuru nharaunda, uyo akanga ava richikurukura migwagwa uye airfields zhinji unokubvumira kukurumidza kushandisa nayo kuburikidza akawandisa mauto uye inorema zvombo. nzvimbo iyi yakaita chisikigo pachacho avakira okupedzisira kuzvidzivirira. Kune nyanza zhinji, nzizi uye bogs, kuiita tsamwisa zvakaoma chaizvo uye kumanikidza muvengi kutevera kuchinja uye kusimbisa "corridors".

Zvichida tsamwisa mashandiro ari Red Army kubva Soviet Union havana kudaro kuoma. Kubvira mumazuva Teutonic Order munzvimbo izere kuzvidzivirira zvivako, vakawanda vakanga simba kwazvo. Pakarepo mushure 1943, apo hondo 1941-1945 akakurirwa, pana Kursk, vokuGermany kokutanga vakaona mukana kukundwa. On basa kusimbisa mitsetse izvi kwaiva kukanda kure zvose akagwinya vemo uye vakawanda vasungwa. Muchidimbu, vaNazi akagadzirira pakubwinya.

Kukundikana - a harbinger yokukunda

Kazhinji, chando tsamwisa haasi wokutanga, kana akanga ari wokutanga uye East-Prussian chaizvo kushanda. 1945 chete kuramba chii chakatangwa mauto muna October 1944, apo mauto eSoviet vakakwanisa kutamira akavakirirwa nzvimbo dzinenge zana makiromita. Nokuda simba kurwisa German akakundikana zvakaitika.

Zvisinei, kukundikana anonzi kwakaoma. Chekutanga, yakavimbika nechimwe yakatangwa. Chechipiri, vehondo uye vakawana kunokosha ruzivo uye vaigona kunzwa zvimwe utera muvengi. Uyezve, chokwadi chokuti vanotanga rokutora nyika German akashanda vaNazi mwoyo chaizvo (kunyange zvazvo nguva dzose).

Hondo Wehrmacht

Defence wakaitwa Army Group "Center", pasi murayiro Georg Reinhardt. On maoko vaiva: zvose rechitatu Panzer Army Erhard Raus, kungatowedzera Fridriha Hossbaha, uye Valtera Vaysa.

Mauto edu pakarepo akasangana 41 Division, uyewo vakawanda mauto basa kubva nhengo zhinji kudzivirira kugona yekwataigara Volkssturm. All vokuGermany pakanga kanenge 580,000 vechiuto, uyewo vanenge 200 zviuru folksshturmovtsev. Pakazosvika kuzvidzivirira mutsetse vaNazi vakatama 700 Matangi uye kuzvidzora propelled pfuti, vanopfuura 500 kurwisana ndege uye vanenge 8.5 zviuru. Nhindi atirari uye guru caliber mumaturi.

Chokwadi, nhoroondo Patriotic Hondo 1941-1945. Ndinoziva zvakawanda rwisana-vakagadzirira kwokubatana German, asi nzvimbo yacho yakanga yakakodzera chaizvo nokuda kwokudzivirira, asi nokuti simba akadaro aiva zvakakwana.

The murayiro German vakasarudza kuti tinofanira kuchengeta nharaunda, zvisinei uwandu vaaida. Rakanga zvikuru wakarurama, nekuti Prussia aiva springboard akakwana kuti humwe chinotangira mauto eSoviet. Mukupesana, kana vokuGermany akakwanisa zvingakusembura ari kare akakunda nzvimbo, zvingava kuvabvumira kuedza counterattack. Chero zvazvingava, zviwanikwa nzvimbo iyi aizobvumira kurebesa marwadzo Germany.

Chii vaiva mauto ayo achigona, murayiro Soviet uyo akaronga East-Prussian kuvhiyiwa muna 1945?

ehondo USSR

Zvisinei, uto kare venyika dzose vanodavira kuti anoshushwa mune hondo vaNazi haana mukana. vatungamiriri vemauto Soviet zvakazara kufungawo kukundikana vatapi yokutanga, iyo wakapindwa mumwe chete rehondo Third Byelorussian Front. Muchiitiko chino, kwakasarudzwa kushandisa nesimba rose Panzer Army, shanu tangi Corps, vaviri mhepo mauto, izvo, mukuwedzera, akasimbisa 2 chiBelorussia Front.

Uyezve, kurwisa kwaiva kutsigira ndege Yokutanga kuBaltic Front. In zvachose, kuvhiyiwa zvinopfuura hafu yemiriyoni vanhu vaiita basa, vanopfuura 20,000 pfuti uye makuru-caliber mumaturi, vanenge zviuru zvina matangi kuzvidzora propelled pfuti, uyewo hapana asingasviki zviuru zvitatu ndege. Kana iwe rangarira zviitiko Great Patriotic War, husiri East Prussia, zvichava pakati rinonyatsooneka.

Saka, mauto edu (dzakakudzingai nevarwi) mauto vashoma vokuGermany katatu pamusoro vanhu atirari muna 2,5 munguva, matangi ndege - anenge 4.5 nguva. Munzvimbo budiriro zvinobatsira akatonyanya zvikuru. Uyezve, varwi Soviet vakagumurwa, mauto akanga simba EC-2 matangi, ACS Manje-152/122/100 uye saka pakanga pasina mubvunzo mukukunda. Zvisinei, sezvo vari mukuru nezvinhu, sezvo panhengo Wehrmacht iri panzvimbo iyi zvakananga akatuma zvemo pakati Prussia, uyo akarwa chaizvo kune vekupedzisira.

The chikuru weboka oparesheni

Sezvo pakutanga East Prussian kushanda 1945? January 13 yakatanga kurwisa, iyo chakatsigirwa mhepo kuramwa uye tangi. Other Mauto vakatsigira kurwisa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pakutanga haina kupfuura unokurudzira, nokukurumidza kubudirira hazvina kuitika.

Chokutanga, zuva "D" pakavanda kuzoponesa vakakundikana. VokuGermany akakwanisa kutora pre-emptive chakaitwa kudhonza kuti yaida nzvimbo budiriro kufadza zvinoita nhamba wamapoka. Chechipiri, akapfupikisa mamiriro okunze, waiva haakonzeri kushandisa mhepo uye atirari. Rokossovsky akazotaura nezvenguva okunze sechigaro yakasimba chigamba akanyorova bvungapfunga, yaiteverwa pamwe gobvu chando. Ndege abondera vaiva chete pfungwa: kutsigirwa zvizere mberi mauto kwakakundikana. Kunyange Ndege zuva rose agere kumativi, sezvo zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti kunze munzvimbo muvengi.

Zviitiko zvakadaro Hondo Yenyika II vakanga zvakajairika. Kazhinji akaputsa wemaoresa mudonzvo Nemirayiro uye akavimbisa mamwe marwadzo.

"General Fog"

Gunners akanga zvinosuwisa: maonero zvakanga zvakaipa kuti igadziridzwe moto zvakanga zvisingaiti, uye saka akanga kupfura chete panguva-varara-siyana 150-200 mamita. The bvungapfunga rakanga rakati ndoo zvokuti kuti ichi "kukanganisa" vakarasika kunyange manzwi kuputika, uye chete kurova nangananga zvachose kuti kuonekwa.

Zvechokwadi, izvi zvose inokanganisa pamusoro nokufamba inogumbura. inifanduri German pazuva rechipiri uye rechitatu mitsetse kudzivirira handina kutendera zvakakomba nezvinhu uye akaramba kwazvo mukakachurwa moto. Munzvimbo dzakawanda, pane rakatanga anotyisa melee, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko muvengi ane counteroffensive. misha pazuva vakawanda kagumi akapfuura paruoko kuisa. Chaizvo nemamiriro okunze akaipa aiva mazuva mashoma, panguva iyo inifanduri Soviet vakaramba nenzira yacho kuputsa German kuzvidzivirira.

Kazhinji, kurwisa Soviet iyi kare dzinoratidzwa kwazvo atirari gadziriro uye kushandiswa kwakapararira ndege uye warrior motokari. Zvakaitika mazuva iwayo ari kupisa asina muduku hondo 1942-1943., Kana brunt Kurwa pamusoro pachake nyore inifanduri.

mauto eSoviet pakuvhiya kwacho: January 18, Chernyakhovsky mauto mukaputsa kuburikidza mupomerwi uye kuumba mukoridho makubhiti 65 makiromita, vakaenda zvakadzama muvengi zvinzvimbo 40 chete makiromita. Panguva ino mamiriro okunze kugadzikana, uye saka zvichiguma budiriro iri rinorema warrior motokari, kunotsigirwa mhepo kurwisa ndege uye vanodzima. Saka vakatanga huru-pamwero tsamwisa of (Soviet).

asunga kubudirira

January 19 akabatwa Tilsit. Izvi aiva simba munondo moto Neman. Asati 22 January akarwiswa zvachose instersburgskaya boka. Pasinei neizvi, vanhu vokuGermany dzivisa zvinotyisa yakarwa vakanga kuramba tichishanda. Chete pane dzimwe nzira kuti Gumbinnen masoja edu vamutye pakarepo gumi wandisa kurwiswa. Our anotsigirwa, uye guta racho rakawa. Nechekare musi 22 January, akakwanisa Insterburg.

Mazuva maviri akatevera vakauya vabudirira itsva: Atadza kuona kuti kupaza okuchengetedza Heylsbergskogo nzvimbo. By January 26, mauto edu akauya voenda nechokumusoro Königsberg. Asi vatapi Koenigsberg ipapo akatadza nekuti vose veguta akagara pasi revarwi simba vokuGermany uye vashanu vavo vachiri vatsva mapoka.

The danho rokutanga chakaoma kurwisa yakanga zvapedza. Zvisinei, kubudirira yave kukwana, nokuti andikomberedze uye kuparadza zviviri warrior Corps wamapoka edu vakakundikana: muvengi warrior motokari mberi vakagadzirira akagadzirwa kuzvidzivirira.

zvavo

Kokutanga wehurumende pano mauto edu haana kusangana. VokuGermany nokukurumidza vakatiza sezvo akasara akazivisa vatengesi uye kakawanda kupfurwa yake. The kubvisa rakarongwa zvokuti zvinenge zvose zviri pfuma vakasiiwa vakasiya dzimba. vakamborwa edu vanoyeuka kuti East Prussia muna 1945 kwaiva zvakawanda sezvinoita romugwenga yakatotsakatika: vaifanira kuzorora zvakakwana zvakapa dzimba, apo tafura achiri midziyo uye zvokudya, asi vokuGermany pachavo vakanga vaenda.

Pakupedzisira, nyaya yacho "vaGiriki yomusango uye ropa-nyota kubva East" aitamba naye Goebbels chinosekesa zvakaipa, vanhuwo zvavo vari kutya kwakadaro kusiya misha yavo, izvo zvachose Takudzai zvose njanji uye mugwagwa Links, zvokuti reGermany mauto akawana pachavo akamanikidza uye vakasagona nokukurumidza kushandura maonero ayo.

Kugadzirwa kurwisa

By January 20 mauto pasi murayiro Marshal Rokossovsky, vakanga vachigadzirira kuenda Vistula. Panguva iyoyo pakati vachiriita vakauya kuti achinje Vector nokurwiswa, uye kuchinjwa chikuru kuitwa kuti mangwanani chinhu kupedza East Prussian muvengi kure. Mauto vaifanira kuenda kuchamhembe. Asi pasina kutsigira yasara boka revarwi vakabudirira vakachenesa muguta muvengi.

Saka, vamabhiza vakakwanisa kumedura kupinda Oslikovskogo Allenstein uye akakunda zvachose hondo muvengi. The guta yakawira 22 January vose akavakirirwa nzvimbo dziri mumaguta munharaunda yaparadzwa. Pakarepo mushure maizvozvo, huru mapoka German vaityisidzirwa encirclement, uye saka akatanga kudzidzinga pechikara. Zvisinei, shure wavo achienda pane imwe nedhambakura kuti kumhanya, sezvo zvose migwagwa yakanga nemutemo vapoteri. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, vokuGermany vakatambudzika inorema nezvinhu, uye massively sokugamuchira hostages. By January 26 Soviet warrior chakavhara Elbing zvachose.

Panguva ino, mauto dzakapasanura napakati zvikuru Fedyuninskogo Elbing, uye kusvika nzira kuna neguta reMarienburg, nokuti mamwe kusarudza uzvirasire anokunda bridgehead guru kurudyi kumahombekombe Vistula. January 26, pashure simba atirari amurove, neguta reMarienburg akawira.

Flanking mapoka revarwi sezvo kubudirira kutsungirira mabasa basa navo. District Masurian marshes nokukurumidza kukundwa, vaigona kuyambuka Vistula, ipapo 70 Army musi waJanuary 23 yaaigara ari Bydgoszcz, Torun panguva imwe chete kuvharidzirwa.

German-kukanda

Somugumisiro, boka iri wehondo "Center" rave chose zvinhu uye vakarasika nokuda kundima German. Hitler akashatirwa kwazvo, ndokubva kwakatsiva mukuru boka. Vakagadzwa kuti this post Lothar Rendulic. Nokukurumidza, zvinoitirwa yaakavingwa mukuru Rechina Army Hossbach, iyo akazonzi Mukanova.

Mukuedza kuputsa kukombwa nokudzosa zvokushandisa nepanyika, vokuGermany akaronga pakaunda-tsamwisa munzvimbo Heylsberga, kuedza muna neguta reMarienburg. In yose, kuvhiyiwa uku zvaisanganisira mapoka sere chete, mumwe wakanga ane tangi. Vakabudirira pausiku January 27 kusamuendesa zvikuru nesimba redu 48th Army. Ini akauraya kukwira hondo yakasindimara, urwo rwakatora mazuva mana pamusara. Somugumisiro, muvengi akakwanisa kumedura kupinda 50 makiromita kupinda munzvimbo yedu. Asi ipapo akauya yokukunda Rokossovsky: pashure hombe akarova vokuGermany vakaputsa uye vakawira shure kwavo yapfuura nzvimbo.

Pakupedzisira kuBaltic Front kuti January 28 akatora Klaipeda chose, Lithuania pakupedzisira vasunungurwa mauto eNazi.

Main migumisiro tsamwisa

Pakazopera January, vakawanda Samland Peninsula kwazvo kubatikana, zvichiguma ramangwana Kaliningrad yaiva denderedzwagama. Takanga akapoteredzwa vakaparadzirwa zvipenga rwechitatu norwechina nemauto, vakanga vakatongerwa chose. Vaifanira kurwa panguva imwe chete riri fronts akawanda, masimba ose vachidzivirira okupedzisira nhare pamhenderekedzo, kuburikidza izvo murayiro German vachiri sezvineiwo kurera zvokushandisa uye kutama.

Nzvimbo vehondo vasara rakaoma zvikuru chokuti zvose wemauto Wehrmacht mapoka vakanga pakarepo dissected migove mitatu. Musi Samland Peninsula, vaiva zvasara mapoka mana Königsberg akagara ravarwi simba uye mamwe mapoka ane shanu. anenge Zvikepe mapoka kanenge shanu dziri mutsetse Brownsburg-Heylsberg, uye vakanga rikazvisundira mugungwa uye mukana kuti kurwiswa akanga asina. Zvisinei, hapana kurasikirwa uye havana kuenda kuvapa.

Long-rokuti Kurangarira muvengi

Hazvina Zvakakodzera kufunga navo vakavimbika vanonyanyisa Hitler: vaiva urongwa kuti anopa kudzivirira Königsberg uye kudhonza kusvika kuguta yose yokupona zvikamu. Kana vakabudirira, vaizokwanisa kudzorera nyika kubatana kuburikidza Königsberg, Brandenburg. Kazhinji, kurwa kure pamusoro, mauto vakaneta Soviet vaida zororo uye replenishment. Ukuru hwavo frazzled mune hondo dzinotyisa inoratidza kanenge ndechokuti kwokupedzisira vatapi Königsberg haana kutanga kusvikira April 8-9.

The chikuru basa remasoja edu akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze, vakakwanisa kurega simba pakati boka muvengi. Vose simba kuzvidzivirira German rakatyorwa uye akakunda Königsberg rakanga rakakombwa ari kure pasina kutakurwa zvombo uye zvokudya, uye ani akasara mauto eNazi munzvimbo iyi vaiva voga zvachose nemumwe uye zvakasimba kusakara pakurwa. Chikamu chikuru East Prussia, yayo mitsetse nhare akabatwa. Munzira, mauto eSoviet Army akasunungura nzvimbo kuchamhembe kwePoland.

Other akavhiyiwa kubvisa vakasara vaNazi kupfeka hondo Chechitatu Byelorussian uye First Baltic fronts. Ona kuti 2 Belarus mberi vakaomerera Pomeranian mirayiridzo. Chokwadi ndechokuti panguva tsamwisa pakati pesimba Zhukov uye Rokossovsky akaumba mukaha, izvo zvinogona rova kubva Eastern Pomerania. Uye nekuti vose nekutambira kuita kunge kuendeswa batanidza zvavo pamwe nenjodzi.