Chronology muIjipiti yekare. Chii chaiva muronga maitiro muIjipiti yekare?

The karenda akanga afunga vanhu kuti zvivanakire uye vakasununguka kwokuchinja musikirwo. dzomunyika All vavapo BC, aiva nzira yavo kuti kukarukureta ichi. Chronology muIjipiti yekare yakatanga zviuru zvishanu apfuura, yakanga yakavakirwa ose zvoupfumi uye zvibereko upenyu avaEgipita.

Lunar Calendar vaEgipita

Budiriro iyi, iyo kwakamuka pamusoro rakamanikana nomunda unodiridzwa dzaNairi. Ndiye akapa zvose zvinodiwa nevanhu, saka inorasikira kune vaifanira kubatwa norudo rukuru. VaEgipita, kufanana ruzhinji vepasi, pakutanga kushandiswa womudenga karenda. Yokuisa musi mitambo, zvakanga zvakakodzera nguva hurongwa. MuIjipiti, zviri pamusoro kubvuma mamwe masayendisiti akazviratidza pakati Muchiuru chemakore chokutanga BC. Pamwe karenda rechitendero aivapo uye zvavo, izvo yambokurukurwa zvizere. VaEgipita vakanga mukufamba kwemakore 25 kutenderera, uye uwandu mwedzi iyi nyaya yakanga akaenzana 309. Zvisinei, zvikuru kuziva chokwadi chokuti womudenga karenda iri astronomically chaizvo kururama, saka hazvisi akakodzera kuti pakuverenga kutanga zvokurima basa. Ezvinhu nguva muIjipiti yekare, kwakavakirwa womudenga maitikiro, wakanga uri wenguva pfupi

Kutanga karenda yokutenderera zuva

Saka, vapristi vekare muIjipita Akateerera dambudziko rakasikwa itsva, karenda yakarurama. Sezvineiwo, padanho ruzivo kare kunoita kuti kufungidzira yakarurama uye kusonganira wakavafambisa map denga rizere nenyeredzi. Maererano aizivikanwa Chirungu muongorori wezvaiitika kuIjipiti James chipfuva, rezuva karenda akaonekwa munyika iyi kwemazana emakore asati pakuonekwa Hyksos, asi havana kuedza kuvandudza nayo. kwemarudzi aya makarenda dzinoshandiswa sehwaro achitsva gore, kureva matanho mwaka chinja, hazvina kufungawo shanduko mwedzi maitikiro. Yaiva nzvimbo yechizvarirwo yekare yeEgipita pamusoro zuva karenda. vapristi vazhinji ainyatsoziva nyeredzi, nguva chimiro chavo, uye vakaona kuti pedyo ukama kwemiviri yokudenga pamwe zvakasikwa. Zvikurukuru, vaitofarira mafashamo murwizi. Mvura yomurwizi ichi runofashamira nhivi dzarwo munguva kubva Chikunguru kusvika November, ivo zvikazara yose mumupata, uye kana Neal zvakare zvaisanganisira kwaro Chokwadi, kunouya nguva yokudyara. Pashure 3-4 mwedzi unogona kupfura kukohwa, uye muna March kubudikidza sizzling Sahara ichivhuvhuta yakaoma mhepo akaparadza vose upenyu. Naizvozvo nguva ino yaizova yakarurama.

Principles okuvaka wekarenda yekare vekuIjipiti

gore All yaiva mwaka mitatu: mafashamu (ahet), kureva Nile mafashamo nguva, kana goho gwara (Peret), i.e. imwe nguva apo rwizi anodzokera yaro yepakutanga chitarisiko, uye shoaling (Shemu), kureva apo yakadereresa mvura pamwero murwizi. Kwemakore akawanda vagere Egipita kuvaka dzakaoma madhamu maitiro, migero uye reservoirs. Raifanira nguva dzose kuramba zvakakodzera chimiro, uye nokuda kwaizvozvi zvakanga zvakakodzera kuziva algorithm upenyu chikuru gang munyika. Pano uye anobatsira ruzivo vapristi. Vakatanga kurondedzera mafashamo aNairi ane mepu kudenga uye akazivisa rinokosha kakawanda. Mafashamo yakaitika pakarepo mushure zhizha kwezuva, mumwe chinokosha ndechokuti mangwanani maawa mudenga sokuti nyeredzi inopenya kuti kunogona kuonekwawo kunyange chinoabatsira. Hazvina nguva dzose kuonekwa, uye vapristi vakatsunga kuti rinowanika pana zvikamu mazuva 70. Zvavakawana maviri aya vakabvumira kuti pave munguva itsva muIjipiti yekare.

Kutenderera kwakavakirwa muviri yokudenga

Uye kana tsanangudzo kwezuva zvinoda chaiyo midziyo, chitarisiko Sirius ndipo itsva kutenderera. Sirius kana Sothis, sezvo zvakanga akaritumidza munyika ino, uye akava nekarenda kunobva. Based heliacal, i.e. nguva nenguva risings renyeredzi anotanga mutsva okurima gore munyika. Its nguva akanga akatsunga pakutanga 360 uye ipapo 365 mazuva. Chronology weIjipiti haana kuziva kuti munogodorerei makore asi chinhu chakadai kwaidiwa zvakarurama kuverenga isinganzwisisiki nguva. Naizvozvo, karenda muEgipita pamakore mana Sothis sunrise yakanonoka 1 zuva. Akakamura gore rikava mwedzi 12, imwe neimwe yaiva mazuva 30. The vhiki yakakamurwa mukati memazuva 10, zuva rine maawa 10. Muawa imwe vaIjipiti vekare vaiva maminitsi 100 uye maminitsi 100 seconds. Saka mazuva 360. Mazuva asara shanu kwete vasiyana pakati pemwedzi. Vakanga vakapemberera pakupera mwedzi wokupedzisira sezvo zuva rokuberekwa Osiris, Horus, Seti, Isis, Nephthys.

Vachidzungaira karenda uye wokutanga kuedza kuvandudza nayo

Vagari Valley yakaorera Nile akagutsa kuti zororo mapopoma pamazuva siyana nokufamba kwenguva. Ivo kumeso kuchinja uye mharidzo yacho vainamata vagari, saka mutsvene gore rose. gore muEgipita, zvinoitika, achidzungaira, asi cops havana kuedza kunyange kuchinja payo, pamusoro paizvozvo, mumwe nomumwe wavo kuunza mhiko kwete vanokanganisa ya pakarenda gore. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, mashoko Hyksos vabati muIjipiti yekare vakaedza kuchinja, izvozvo akakonzera titadze kutsutsumwa vanhu, asi vanhu vakateerera yakakuwandira simba. Zvisinei, pashure karenda kwavo kudzingwa rave zvakazara yakadzorerwa uye zvose zvakagadzirwa kubva Hyksos chapedzwa. Days, mwedzi uye makore runotaurwa nhamba. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti muronga muIjipiti yekare vaiziva asina yakamisirwa zera, makore, chaiitirwa kubva pakutanga rekutonga Farao inotevera. Asi nguva dzose aishanda kutanga kwegore idzva kazhinji, rakaburukira pamusoro August 29 nekarenda ano.

karenda Name nguva

Pasinei nokuti mwedzi kazhinji runotaurwa nhamba, mumwe aiva zita wayo. Ivo vakanga vakazvitsaurira kuna vamwe mwari. Agadzirwa pakutanga kwegore Mwedzi Mumwe, ainzi mukukudza mwari mwedzi, ipapo akafamba mwedzi Faofi, ipapo vakatevera Atir mukukudza mwarikadzi Hathor, Hoyyak nehofisi Pharaonic Dynasties, kwauri mukukudza mwari Khnum, Mehiri chakatsaurirwa kuna mwari anotyisa Montu, Famenot chokuita Amenophis, Farmuti yakatsaurirwa kuna mwarikadzi Ermuti, Pahon mukukudza mwari Khonsu, kuti Piney mazita Nile mumupata, epiphyte uye Mesori yakatsaurirwa pakuonekwa zuva. The yasara Mazuva mashanu kuwedzera karenda akazozivikanwa sezvo rechiGiriki rokuti epagomeny, kureva sverhgodichnye mazuva. Calendar lag zvinogona kugadziriswa kuisa zuva rimwe makore mana ose, asi Farao akaomesa kuteerera chokwadi ichi. Ungangove, ichi imhaka zvechitendero, saka reformed hurongwa nguva Hyksos muIjipiti yekare haina kutora.

A yechipiri kuedza kushandura muronga muIjipiti yekare

Kuedza kushandura karenda zvakaitwa kwete chete maererano nemadzinza anongofamba of Hyksos. Zvisinei, izvi zvakaitwa zvikuru gare gare, munguva aiitwa Ptolemaic dzinza. Chechitatu Farao nezveshamwari Aleksandra Velikogo vazukuru vakaedza kuchinja Muronga muIjipiti yekare. Zvikurukuru, izvozvo inorondedzerwa "Kanopskom chirevo." Muna 1866 paGungano kupikidura yakawanikwa dombo rakanyorwa iro muEgipita uye mutauro wechiGiriki zvichinzi murayiro raFarao Evergeta kuchinja pakarenda. Saka akazviratidza ari munogodorerei gore, izvo aifanira kugadzirisa dambudziko isinganzwisisiki backlog. Kunyange zvazvo kuchinja uku haasi vakagara munyika, paiva chikanganiso pakutanga, panzvimbo kuwedzera zuva rimwe makore mana ose, zvakanga zvaitwa pamakore matatu. Izvi zvakakanganisa kururama uye kukanganisa vakaona makore chete pashure 48.

Alexandria karenda

WaFarao murayiro yairayira kutanga munogodorerei gore, uye haana kupiwa muupenyu. Kana zvose-imwe nzvimbo, zvino gore vangadai vakasvika mazuva 365,25, uye sezvo pedyo ezvemuchadenga nenhamba. A yechitatu kuedza kushandura muronga muIjipiti yekare kwave ashandiswe kare nevaRoma. Zvaakanga ndakunda nyika, vari vanenge pakarepo aiva pakarenda kuchinja. Saka, makore mana ose panodikanwa rimwe zuva, asi ivo vose kuti-kuchinja achikwakuka makore akachinja pane zvakanga zvakajairika muRoma. karenda Alexandria hwakagara Julian mu zvakafanana kwemakore anopfuura 1500.

Ezvinhu nguva muIjipiti yekare sendarama nyore uye zvakakunakira

Ezvinhu nguva muIjipiti yekare vaiziva chaizvo dzakasiyana yekuverenga makore. Zvisinei, zvinobatsira mukuru mukati makadirwa pakarenda yokutenderera zuva. Maererano Herodotus, ndiwo nyore uye batsira karenda munyika yekare. The backlog, iyo yakanga wakacherechedza, haana kuomesa upenyu vaEgipita. Pamwe kana kwaidiwa chaiyo ichi, zvino kuti zuva riri zvichida azviise mukarenda pahwaro pakuongorora vapristi refu vaiva nechokwadi kuti mazuva 365,25 uyewo rinoenderana nguva pakati nemafashamo maviri murwizi. Vakawana kuti kamwe muna 130 makore mafashamo nekaupenyu sunrise Sothis rikawira nezuro, saka zvichida havana hanya muchadenga nemazvo nokuda zvimunakire uye nyore. Chero zvakanga, vekare muIjipiti karenda mitemo ndokuisa rokunyora makarenda uye akava hwaro mberi kuvandudzika kubva zuva karenda.