Mapato ezvematongerwo enyika kuti Russia mukutanga remakore rechi20. The inotungamirwa ezvematongerwo enyika mu Russia

Shoko "yebato" rinobva rechiGiriki partio, rinoreva zvose "chikamu" uye "mhosva" angava zvimwe zvinhu zvakafanana. Political pati, saka, rinomiririra Kubatanidzwa dzakafanana vanhu vakaderera mazano uye zvinangwa kuti inogona akaziva kubudikidza kuwana simba zvivako kuti kumiririra zvido mamwe mapoka. Mapato ezvematongerwo enyika kuti Russia mukutanga remakore rechi20, yakatanga muna yainge ezvinhu rokutonga Nicholas II. autocrat ichi Russian unotsiva Alexander III, aizivikanwa somunhu norugare kuti kusavapo hondo munguva rokutonga kwake. The accession pachigaro sezvo Nicholas II pamwe nokufa zvevanhu pa Khodynka, saka kwake ushe wakavhiringika kubvira pakutanga.

Nhoroondo prerequisites kuti basa siyana vemapato

On mubati Russian Empire kuti mukurumbira chaizvo hondo pamwe kuJapan muna 1904-1905., Izvo zvakaita kuti zvaikosha miganhu uye munhu nezvinhu. Tikafunga nokuderedza simba mambo akatanga kuatsanangura yakakura mwoyo kuti hworatidza pacharo zvikurukuru SRs uye Black Mazana. Nicholas II kuvandudza zvinhu pashure pokuchinja vakapinda akatevedzana enyika zvinhu, pakati raiva pokugadzwa State Duma. Kusvikira panguva iyoyo, mumiririri mutumbi nyika hariko. The inotungamirwa ezvematongerwo enyika mu Russia panguva iyoyo kwakaitika muzvinhu zvitatu: yeGutsaruzhinji, monarchical uye rupo. Uye mumwe nomumwe wavo aiva pachavo zvachiri uye chinokosha kusiyana mapurogiramu enyika, sei kubudirira pazvinangwa.

Urudzi zvematongerwo enyika nguva

Monarchist political Russian mapato mukutanga remakore rechi20 vakanga chaizvo vakawanda. Pakati pavo paiva: "Russian Collection", "Labor Union of People", Monarchist Party, "Vanhu Russian kuti Union kwavari. Mihaila Arhangela "uye vamwe. Ava mapato enyika havana dzakafanana zvirongwa, asi akaparidza pronatsionalisticheskie pfungwa dzaiva kuti ndichengetedze muridzi utongi panyika. "Russia - nokuti Russian" - waiva sirogani vazhinji monarchist kufamba, vachisarudza havo kusiya simba mambo guru, uye Russian Empire - the autocratic umambo. Asi sezvo zvechisimba havana zvose mapato enyika muRussia. Tafura iri yavo okufananidza unongotaura.

The Black Mazana vaiva monarchists

Zvaidavirwa kuti uwandu monarchists kazhinji yaisanganisira vatengesi diki, Vatyairi vetekisi, kureva madhorobha "vanhu" vane mutauro wokuRussia mavambo, vaivawo vatengesi, varidzi, vatengesi, zvikuru nezviduku Bourgeois, Cossacks, uye kunyange mapurisa, inokosha kuzvipira kuna tsarist hwechiKomonisiti. Nokuti vanhu ava, bato masirogani, kurovedzera vakaparidza kuitwa nemamwe marudzi, kumanikidzwa kwemahofisi, kuronga mhirizhonga, ugandanga. Chiizve zvinozivikanwa monarchist enyika vebato Russia? Muchidimbu - nokuumbwa zvikwata zviri Black Mazana, izvo 1905-1914 gg. achishingaira nemhepo pamusoro gwara chauvinism, Russian urudzi uye Anti-Semitism. A Nhamba vakakurumbira monarchist sangano rakanga Purishkevich, asunungurwa kubva muridzi kwezvakatipoteredza.

Anonzi ari kukudzwa nhoroondo gwaro

Liberal mapato Russia mukutanga remakore rechi20, kunyanya hunomiririrwa Cadets uye Octobrists (Union October vamiririri 17). Muna October 1905, raiva nemanomwe kubva Nicholas II akagamuchira Manifesto pamusoro kuvandudzika kuti runyararo, vaiita kodzero yamambo kutonga (yaimbonzi chete) pamwe State Duma. ReCongress of Cadets (Constitutional Democrats) chokutanga kwakaitika chete muna 1905, apo ngadzirambe huru nzira bato iri kufamba.

Hurumende sezvo mukuru akatanga kuchinja

Left-kambora Cadets (achitungamirirwa Miliukov) yaiva vakadzidza, zemstvos, Entrepreneurs, masayendisiti uye vakatenda kuti Russia anofanira kuva musika upfumi, mamiriro kwemitemo, gutsaruzhinji tichitarisa nomumwe kodzero panguva mukuru kwadzinoita hurumende iri umambo yeparamende. Complex murimi mudiki mubvunzo vakasarudza kugadzirisa nokutamisa nyika kubva landlords (kuvasiyira zvegumi mazana mashanu) kushandiswa (kwete pamusoro) vanhuwo zvavo kuti rudzikinuro, iyo aifanira kubhadhara hurumende. Mumusha rakaramba murimi mudiki munharaunda. Features ezvematongerwo enyika muRussia bapiro ichi kwaisanganisira pakuti Cadets ndaona huru mugero zviri zvinhu Chokwadi, hurumende uye kuda kuvandudza zvinhu rwekuita kirasi kubudikidza Kuturwa 8-awa rokushanda, budiriro wezvokutengeserana mibatanidzwa zvingangoita nenjodzi. Vamiririri bato uyu asina pamusoro pakuwedzera rusununguko Finland uye Poland, uyewo vanhu Russia kodzero tsananguro nemagariro.

Havana kuda kuderedza kushanda zuva

Nhoroondo Russian mapato rinosanganisira zita iroro sezvo Guchkov, uyo akatungamirira mubato Octobrists. Bato iri rakanga zvakawanda asi kuchinja, centre-kodzero. At mwoyo wayo vaiva vamiririri bourgeoisie (mubatanidzwa ezvokutengeserana uye mumaindasitiri bourgeoisie mumaguta makuru) uye mwero Bapiro rinopikisa Zemstvo zvinganaka aite zvinhu kuburikidza paramende pasina hondo zvombo. Octo zvakanga kuti indivisibility kweRussia, ndichengetedze kuitira mune chimiro Duma umambo, mhinduro yacho murimi mudiki mubvunzo tichiregeredza vanoshayiwa nyika kuSiberia kupa varimi nekodzero dzakafanana mamwe makirasi munzanga, pakuchengetedza landlords 'nyika yavo zvichibvira rudzikunuro hombe muripo, kutengesa vanhuwo zvavo dzavose nyika, . Sezvo bato rakanga dzinotungamirirwa maindasitiri, vaiva pamusoro 8-awa vanoshanda zuva (maawa panzvimbo 11-12), nokuti akanga vaidavira kuti vanhu faranuka zvakakwana nokuda mazororo echitendero.

SRs vanoda aumbe Federation of dzavanhu

Socialist bato yeRussia mukutanga remakore rechi20 vakanga akapa Social kuipandukira uye Social Democrats (RSDLP). Kutanga inotungamirwa Chernov V. M. SRs kuumbwa ainyanya pakati neopopulists uye dzimwe vatama, uyo aidavira kuti vanhu vanoda chimurenga uye abolition yacho autocracy. Vari kutarisirwa kuisa simba vanhu, kuungana munhu Assembly Constituent, kushongedzera Russia somunhu Federation of navanhu kodzero vendudzi kuzvinzwira kugadzirisa zvimwe nyaya. The landlords vaiviga nyika, kupfuura ndokuadira paruzhinji kushandisa murimi mudiki munharaunda. SRs vaifarira nzira dzaityisa, achikwezva kune mumapoka ayo vakadzidza -. Students, vadzidzisi, vanachiremba, etc. The bato raiva rakakurumbira pakati vanhuwo zvavo.

The uchityaira simba pokuchinja - ndiyo proletariat

Mapato ezvematongerwo enyika ari Russia muna 1905 yaisanganisira zviviri kuti "mapazi" of Social-Democrats. Paumbwe bato rakanga formalized muna 1903, kumwe, muna kweBrussels, apo bumbiro rakazoshandiswa, kufadza uye shoma purogiramu bato pachayo. The Social Democrats kunge akavimba vanoshanda kirasi, kwete vanhuwo zvavo (pakati iyo panguva iyoyo yaiva 80% kuverenga). Vanoda kupidigura umambo, kuzozivisa kodzero kuvhota, kuti zviparadzanise chechi kubva mamiriro. Kuti vashandi kutarisirwa kupinda nguva hapana maawa anopfuura masere vakaronga mudyandigere, inishuwarenzi, kuti tinobvisa mwana basa uye kuderedza kushandiswa mukadzi simba. Vanhuwo zvavo vaizogamuchira minda yavo, dzavakanga chinoziviswa weboka kuchinja zvinhu 1861. Panguva yenhaurirano iri huru nyaya iri mubato yakabuda kusawirirana, uye nhengo dzayo dzakatanga kupinda Bolshevik Party (mutungamiri - V. I. Lenin) uye Party Mensheviks (inotungamirwa Martov).

The Mensheviks vaidavira kuti bato ravo ichava riwanikwe voruzhinji, Revolutionary pezvakaitwa vanofanira kutungamirira bourgeoisie vari kubatana pamwe proletariat. Miduku yokuruwa Mensheviks vanoonekwa kakasaririra chekare, aida kutora nyika kubva landlords uye zvaitambidzwa matunhu neminisiparati muridzi, apo kuramba muminda miduku pane kushanda pasi.

Chakavanzika sangano uye kuvhara webato

The Bolshevik Party akanzwawo kuti mubatanidzwa wavo anofanira kuvharwa conspiratorial sangano. The uchityaira rehondo chimurenga Vatsigiri Lenin vake vaiva proletariat vari kubatana miduku yokuruwa uye bourgeoisie kwainzi kakasaririra kare. Changing sezvairayirwa vaida kutakura kubuda nechisimba nzira uye kutungamirira yekupindurwa tsarist hurumende vatungamiriri venyika proletariat. chirongwa bato Agrarian raisanganisira kubviswa muchechi, landlordism uye kuchinjwa nyika ehurumende. Zvinofanira akati kuti pfungwa dzakadaro Bolshevik Party muna 1917 (April - kuziviswa "April zvichemo" Lenin kwakaita) haana yakakurumbira mune zvematongerwe ezvinhu uye vanhu. Naizvozvo, bato vamiririri yakatanga yakafara manyepo mushandirapamwe pakati muchiuto, vanhuwo zvavo, vashandi, uye zvichingodaro., Kuti kuwedzera uwandu vatsigiri. Uye vakabudirira, sezvo iri simba enyika dzakaitisa Great October Socialist Revolution. Of vamiririri enyika kufamba akaumba Communist Party.

Zvinofanira akati kuti zvirongwa mapato ari nguva vaiva fananei mumwe. Somuenzaniso, Cadets zvinganaka kuwedzera rusununguko nzvimbo mbiri, ukuwo Bolsheviks vaida kupa marudzi ose kodzero yokuzvitonga, kusanganisira mukana kuparadzana. Asi, sezvo nhoroondo akaratidza kuti Communist Party somutsivi kusvika Bolsheviks nekusiyana, vakauya pamwe chete anenge nharaunda yose Russian Empire mugomba chete Unit, asi ane zvakasiyana magariro.