Statistician Chirungu uye Nezveupfumi Petti Uilyam: Biography, zvoupfumi maonero, pfungwa, mabasa

Petti Uilyam (1623-1687 gg.) - Economist Chirungu, musayendisiti uye muzivi. Akava nomukurumbira kana vaaishumira Oliver Cromwell uye Chirungu Republic. The musayendisiti kwakasimbiswa dzinobudirira kundorondedzera nyika yakasarudzwa kuti nokubvuta. Pashure Cromwell izvozvo vakashumira pasi Charles II uye James II. Kwemakore anoverengeka akagara ari Paramende yeBritain. Zvisinei, vakawanda kuzivikanwa zvoupfumi maonero Uilyama Petti. Zvinonzi ndiye mukudzivirira nheyo laissez-Cosa Fare mune ehurumende zvematongerwo enyika.

Uilyam Petti: Biography

Future inozivikanwa Economist dosmitovskoy yaitonga akazvarirwa mumhuri tailors. Akakura kuziva uye akangwara mwana, uye muna 1637 akawana basa kabhini mukomana mungarava. Zvisinei, nokukurumidza, akamedura gumbo rake uye akaiswa kumhenderekedzo muna Normandy. Pashure gore Petti Uilyam akadzidza Latin uye ndakawana mudzidzisi Chirungu nokuda vomunzvimbo. Akabva kuEngland. Panguva ino, ramangwana Economist kutozivikanwa kunyatsogona chiLatin, chiGiriki, French, masvomhu uye zvenyeredzi. Pashure pfupi basa iri Navy, akaenda kuna Holland, kwaakabereka kufarira kuripo. MuAmsterdam, William aiwana pachake munyori Hobbes, izvo akamutendera kuti tinyatsoziva Descartes, Mersenne uye Gassendi.

Muna 1646 akadzokera kuEngland uye akatanga kudzidza mushonga paUniversity of Oxford. Akakwanisa kugadzira uye bvumidzwa yavo kungatonziwo muchina, asi kuti pave Kutengeswa kwayo vakakundikana. Muna muna 1652 akatora yokusava uye akaenda kuIreland kuti mauto Cromwell raMwari. Iye akagara reparamende, akashanda madzimambo maviri. Mushure 1660, gore rake kufarira kwesayenzi zvakachinja kubva sayenzi kwomuviri kuti evanhu. Muna cha1667 akaroora Elizabeth Waller. Economist akafa muna 1687 muLondon, apo akadzoka kubva Ireland nguva pfupi asati afa.

zvoupfumi maonero

On nesayenzi dzidziso kufurirwa zvinyorwa zviviri:

• Thomas Hobbes. William kwake munyori yakati pachake uye aigona kwazvo kurangarira ouchenjeri zvinodiwa "vehurumende runyararo uye zvinhu zvakawanda." Saka, vakawanda hwake akanga kutsvaka kunobva kubudirira Ireland.
• Frensis Bekon. The musayendisiti zvakabvumiranwa kuti masvomhu uye kunzwisisa kunofanira kuva hwaro sayenzi zvose kodzera. Naizvozvo, avo zvinhu zvesainzi, iye aigara akatsvaka quantitative zviratidzo. Ndiwo sei vanonzi enyika svomhu.

Uilyama Petti unowanzonzi kwechokwadi musayendisiti-Economist. Kusimba kutsvakurudza ake oriisa pamusoro Thomas Mann, Josiah Child uye Dzhona Lokka. basa Petty vake asati ari enyika upfumi. Ake inozivikanwa dzidziso chokuita mitero, nyika upfumi, mari romugove uye mwero ayo kuparadzirwa, mari, kufarira rates, dzakawanda zvokutengeserana uye hurumende inivhesitimendi. Petty, mumwe pakutanga vaishora mercantilist maonero. Aidavira kuti hwaro mutengo upi chigadzirwa rinofanira kubva kuitwa pamusoro wayo kugadzirwa basa. The National upfumi munyika, iri zvaanofunga, harisi chete nendarama nesirivha, uye zvinokuvadza kwete chete kune kushaya mari, asi pamari yavo yakasara.

Mitero, nhamba uye nyika mari chizvidavirire

Munguva Petty chikuru pfungwa muEngland aiva mercantilism. England akanga hondo pamwe Holland, uye zvakanga mari zvakakodzera. Naizvozvo Petty mubasa uchitsvaka zvakarurama zvinodiwa mitero. Ravaifanira kubatsira kuzadza coffers kurwa. Petty akasarudza nzvimbo muunganidzwa matanhatu. Aidavira kuti vanofanira kugara uye maererano. Petty waitsigira kuunganidzwa kwemitero muchimiro kwete simbi dzinokosha, asiwo mari. The ichocho akashandisa dzemaitirwe mari yenyika. Aidavira kuti pfuma ehurumende hakusi chete goridhe nesirivha, asiwo mari. Maererano Masvomhu ake, national Mari muEngland 1660s vakasvika makirogiramu mamiriyoni 667.

The nhamba Petty akashandisa nyore Avharenji. Zvisinei, mazuva iwayo kwaiva kubudirira kukuru. Chinenge hapana pamberi pake asina kushandisa quantitative zviratidzo. Census data, uye kunyange muIreland, zvakanga zvakaoma chaizvo kuti vawane. Naizvozvo, Petty vaikwira nzira yavo kuongorora uwandu vanhu. Aidavira kuti kuwedzera kunze kwenyika kuburikidza 30% zvinotisvitsa Proportional yakawedzera vemo, uye mumwe munhu ari matatu vanofa gore roga roga. Saka zvinofungidzirwa nhamba yevanhu muLondon. Munyika, pamusoro kubvuma Petty aiva vanhu kakawanda masere. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nzira iyi rave vakatsoropodza panguva upenyu musayendisiti.

Dzidziso ukoshi uye mubereko

Petti Uilyam mberi gakava anosarudza Aristotle. Akaramba ake dzidziso zvinokosha, iyo yakavakirwa zvinhu yakawandisa kugadzirwa. Iye akasarudzwa zviviri: nyika uye basa. Vose vaiva panobva pakusika taxable mari. Petty aida pave mukana wokuti vanhu vanga, nemhaka iyo yaizova mutengo kwakarurama nhumbi. Chinokosha zviri kukurukurwa zvinonyatsorehwa unongotaura. Petty akashandisa Pfungwa yake zvinokosha dzemaitirwe yacho rendi. Panyaya mubereko rates, mumazuva iwayo, vanhu vakawanda vachiri kufunga chivi kuwana purofiti. Zvisinei, Petty haana anobvumirana dudziro iyi. Iye roukama pfungwa mibayiro pakupa kushandiswa mari kubva anokwereta.

inobva musimboti noninterference Management

Chimwe chokwadi chinokosha kuti wakamutsa basa rake Petti Uilyam, ndiyo muuzivi laissez-Cosa Fare muhurumende. Pano akavimba vanachiremba pfungwa isiri chipingaidzo mubasa muviri utano. Akarishandisa uye nevhu rakawandisa, uye kudzora aina mari, uye kuti kuchinjanisa nezvinhu. Aidavira kuti murau hurumende anoita zvakawanda kukuvadza pane zvakanaka.

Uilyam Petti: dzidziso

Muupenyu hwake, musayendisiti vakatendeuka zhinji nzvimbo yemberi zvoupfumi. Mabasa anogona kuwanikwa maonero Uilyama Petti mutero kukarukureta National mari uwandu, mari romugove uye velocity wokufambisa, dzidziso kukosha uye mubereko, utungamiriri, mutemo mari Exchange uye zvokutengeserana, mabasa azere, weboka basa nedzimwe dzakawanda. dzidziso ake kukanganiswa maonero akawanda vanozivikanwa nezvoupfumi. Tingati vateveri vake vari pfungwa huru akadai Adam Smith, Karl Marx uye Dzhon Meynard Keyns. Zvikuru dzakafara nzvimbo mubereko dzakabatsira Petty refu nguva kuramba akakodzera.

Works uye nhaka

Uilyam Petti - muvambi uye nhengo Royal Society. Ari zvakanakisisa anozivikanwa basa rake pamusoro nhoroondo zveupfumi uye nhamba. Muvambi ano unyanzvi okuverengwa - ndiye Uilyam Petti. Zvekufamba mabasa yesayenzi dzinosanganisira:

• "Bhuku iri pamitero" (1662).
• "Political svomhu" (1676).
• Shoko Sapienti (1664).
• "Political Anatomy of Ireland" (1672).
• "On Mari" (1682).
• "Rondedzero pamusoro augmentation vanhu" (1682).