Chii chinowanikwa mari yenyika?

Nhepfenyuro yenyika ndiyo kukosha kwehuwandu hwemagariro emagariro evanhu akaumbwa mumagariro emuviri munzvimbo yekugadzira zvinhu mukati megore. Panguva imwecheteyo, nhamba yezvigadzirwa zvakasikwa munharaunda yenyika inoverengwa, uye mushure mekuongororwa kwemuwandu uyu, mari inoshandiswa pamabhizimisi emitambo munguva yekushuma nguva inoderedzwa. Mune mutsa, mari inowanikwa munyika inosanganisira yose yakawanda yezvinhu zvakagadzirwa uye zvishandiso zvegore. Ichi chinoratidziro chiyero chekukura mune zvekurima munyika, uye inoshandiswa nehurumende mukuverenga bhajeti yegore rinotevera, pamwe nekuongorora nekuvandudzwa kwemazano matsva ekubudirira.

Nhoroondo

Nhepfenyuro yenyika sezwi rakakosha yakatanga kubudiswa naKarl Marx, nokuti pamberi pake Western Western pfungwa haina kufunga nezvekugadzirisa zvekugarana kwevanhu. Pamberi pacho, dambudziko rakadaro rakarongedzwa ne physiocrats, kusanganisira Rene, asi mukuvaka kwe "Economic Table" ivo vaingoverengera zvekurima, saka kuongorora kwehuwandu hwezvigadzirwa zvakanga zvisina kururama.

D. Ricardo naA. Smith havana kufunga nezvekubhadharwa kwezvinhu zvekugadzira zvachose, naizvozvo, chete mari yekuwana yakagamuchirwa nevatenzi vemabhizimisi yakafungidzirwa mubasa ravo, pasina kufunga nezvekubhadhara kwavakaita. Muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri, mabhizimusi ehurumende akanga asingabatsiri chete purogiramu inobereka zvibereko, asiwo basa remamwe matavi - masangano ezedzidzo, hurumende yekuchengetedza uye kudzivirira, utano hwehutano, saka zviratidzo zvekusimudzira hupfumi zvakawedzerwa ne20-30%.

Munyika dzezvemagariro evanhu kwenguva yekutanga pfungwa ye "pfuma yenyika" inotangwa, kusanganisira kwete chete kukura kwemasimba anobereka, asiwo masimba, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu uye zvekunamata. Ichi chinonzi macroeconomic inowanikwa mumari ndeye kukosha kwezvinhu zvose zvinofungidzirwa pamutengo wemusika uine hurumende uye vagari vayo.

MuRussia

MuRussia, kusiyana nenyika dzekuMadokero, mari inowanikwa munyika inongowanikwa chete mari yekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, saka ichi chiratidzo chekukurukura hachifungi nezvemari inowanikwa kune dzimwe makhizha. Saka, kuumbwa kwayo hakuna kusanganisira shanduko yekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, mari inotorwa kubva mumatengesi ezvitoro, uye purogiramu yemasangano ezvokurapa oga.

Approaches

Mazuva ano economists inoshandisa nzira dzakawanda dzakasiyana-siyana dzokuverenga chirevo ichi. Chokutanga chazvo chakavakirwa pamari yose yakagamuchirwa kubva kumabasa ezvemari, uye inofunga nezvemaripo yevagari vemo, uyewo kuwanikwa kwevagari vezvikwereti uye zvikwereti. Kunyange zvakadaro, chikamu ichi chagoverwa kubhadharo kumhuri, vhizimisi vemabhizimisi uye hurumende dzehurumende. Nzira yechipiri inoshandiswa inobva pakuverenga kwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, asi kuwedzerwa kwekuwedzera kwezvinhu zvose zvakabudiswa nematare ehupfumi hwenyika zvinotorwa.

Maitiro

Nhepfenyuro yemari yenyika ikozvino inotarirwa nehuwandu hunokosha. Chokutanga, zviyero zvakagamuchirwa zvakagamuchirwa nevagari vemuhurumende panguva yekududza zvinotorwa , uye kukosha kwezvinhu zvakatamirwa kune dzimwe nyika mumari kana kuti mutsa kunotorwa kubva kwavari. Kubva pane zviratidzo zvinoguma, vezvezvematongerwo enyika vanogona kungotora zvinodhura zvevakugadziri kwekuderera kwezvigadzirwa. Izvo zvivako zvose zvinosanganisira kuwanda kwehuwandu uye huwandu hwekugadzira, uyewo mubairo wevagari vemo, senhengo inonyanya kukosha yemari inowanikwa munyika.