Russian Mafuta Gas Industry

Chinotsva zvinhu zvinopa simba kwete chete wose bhizimisi chero nyika munyika, asi zvinenge mabhora ose mabasa evanhu. Chinonyanya kukosha chinotsva uye simba kunzwisisa weRussia ndivo mafuta uye gasi zvekutepfenyura.

Mafuta gasi indasitiri - zita Generic pakati kunzwisisa maindasitiri kugadzira, zvokufambisa, kubudiswa uye kuparadzira okupedzisira zvibereko mafuta uye gasi kugadzira. Izvi mumwe akasimba sectors yeRussian Federation, dzinongoita kuumbwa kuburikidza bhajeti nokudzikama vachibhadhara dzenyika, ichipa vatorwa chinjanai zvakaoma uye kuramba yenyika mari unodiwa.

History of budiriro

Pakutanga inotungamirwa yeminda mafuta ari maindasitiri nemauto ari kuonekwa 1859, apo United States kuti mafuta zvokuimba kuchera yakatanga kushandiswa. Zvino, mafuta anenge zvose kwakafumuka anobudiswa kuburikidza matsime kunongova musiyano okuwana kunyatsoshanda. MuRussia, ari dzokubudisa ramafuta mumatsime akachera akatanga muna 1864 muna Kuban. Debit Kugadzirwa panguva iyoyo yaiva matani 190 pazuva. Kuti kuwedzera purofiti akateerera zvikuru kuti dzokubudisa pamusoro Mechanisation, uye pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 Russia akatungamirira oiri.

Okutanga nzvimbo chikuru mafuta dzokubudisa vaiva North Caucasus muSoviet Russia (Maikop, Grozny) uye Baku (Azerbaijan). Izvi minda depleting vakwegura haana zvidikanwi dzichiri indasitiri, uye chinokosha kuedza raitwa kuvhura minda itsva. Somugumisiro, vakaiswa kushanda ane minda mashoma Central Asia, Bashkortostan, Perm uye Kuibyshev nharaunda, anonzi Volga-Ural chawo yakatangwa.

Bhuku mafuta anogadzirwa zvasvika matani mamiriyoni 31. Munguva 60s kuwanda zvikaramba goridhe dema wamuka mamiriyoni 148 matani, izvo 71% chikawira pamusoro Volga-Ural munzvimbo. Mumakore 70 tava zvawanikwa muhombodo kushanda deposits kuWest Siberian bheseni. yakawanda gasi deposits akawanikwa C mafuta kudziongorora.

Kukosha mafuta uye gasi indasitiri nokuda upfumi yeRussia

Mafuta gasi indasitiri ine zvinokosha nezvainoita Russian upfumi. Pari, ndiwo hwaro paumbwe bhajeti uye hwokushanda mamwe sectors hwenyika zhinji. Mari National mari kunonyanya hakunei nyika mitengo mafuta. Mined muRussia, carbon simba anogona kusangana zvakazara wechipfuwo kudiwa huni, zvinopa simba kuchengeteka munyika uye kuita rakakura nyika simba uye pakugadzira zvinhu upfumi.

The Russian Federation ane zvikuru yeHydrocarbon zvinogona. Russian mafuta uye gasi indasitiri mumwe kutungamirira munyika, zvakazara asangana magetsi uye ramangwana munyika kudiwa mafuta, negasi uye rakanatswa zvigadzirwa. A chinokosha yakawanda yeHydrocarbon zvinhu zvavo zvigadzirwa vari aivigirwa, ichipa replenishment kuti mari reserves. Russian anotora chechipiri pakukura vhoriyamu emura yeHydrocarbon reserves kubva munenge 10% mugove. Mafuta reserves vave vachiongorora uye yakatanga makadzika 35 kumatunhu Russian.

Mafuta Gas Industry: Structure

Pane STRUCTURAL zvinokosha pezvakaitwa inoverengeka iyo mafuta uye gasi indasitiri: indasitiri nokuda dzokubudisa yemafuta uye gasi zvokufambisa uye kugadzira.

• YeHydrocarbon Kugadzirwa - muitiro wakaoma kunzwisisa kusanganisira ubanguranyika, kuchera, kudhinda uye zvakananga kubva chikuru kurapwa mvura, sarufa nezvimwe netsvina. Extraction uye kupomba mafuta uye gasi kuti raiva pedyo nebundu mubasa rokutengesa chizvidavirire kambani kana STRUCTURAL dzakabatana, umo kwezvivako chinosanganisira booster pombi uye pfapfaidzo pazviteshi, zvinoyerera nemvura uye mafuta.
• Zvokufambisa nemafuta uye gasi kubva kugadzirwa nzvimbo kuti chizvidavirire zviyero, kuti processors uye pakupedzisira mutengi kuitwa kuburikidza Mapaipi, mvura, mugwagwa uye njanji zvifambiso. Mapaipi (hove uye hunde) ndiyo mari kupfuura nzira kutakura Mahydrocarbon, kunyange zvivako zvinodhura chaizvo uye yokuzvigadzirisa. Mapaipi senga yemafuta uye gasi kunoshanda pamusoro madaro marefu, kusanganisira dzakasiyana makondinendi. Akatakura waterways vachishandisa kwematangi uye ngarava ine misha anosvika 320 zviuru. Matani anoitwa mu-refu kure kukurukurirana. Rail uye vezvokutengeserana motokari ringashandiswawo kuti wakaipa oiri pamusoro madaro marefu, asi zvikuru mutengo zvakabatsirawo pfupi pakutengeserana.
• Processing pakati yakatsvuka yeHydrocarbon simba yakabereka kuwana mhando dzakasiyana epetroleum zvigadzirwa. Kutanga, ivo mhando akasiyana mafuta uye mbishi zvokuvakisa mamwe makemikari kugadzira. The kwacho rinoitwa panguva oiri miti. Kwokupedzisira kugadzira mishonga, zvichienderana makemikari anoumba, akakamurwa pezvitsiga siyana. Kwokupedzisira kugadzira Danho iri kuwanikwa nokusanganisa siyana zvinoriumba kuti vawane zvinodiwa nziyo unoenderana imwe kupiswa epetroleum chigadzirwa.

RF munda

mafuta Russian uye gasi indasitiri zvinosanganisira 2352 dzakabudirira oilfields. pakukura mafuta uye gasi nharaunda Russia ndiyo Western kweSiberia chinoita 60% vose zvikaramba goridhe dema. Zvakawanda mafuta uye gasi anogadzirwa KhantyMansiysk uye Yamalo zvionera nzvimbo. Bhuku kweShanduro chigadzirwa mune dzimwe dziri Russian Federation:

• Volga-Ural chawo - 22%.
• Eastern Siberia - 12%.
• Northern deposits - 5%.
• Caucasus - 1%.

Ratio Western kuSiberia muna negasi rinosvika anenge 90%. The guru deposits (anenge 10 tiririyoni cubic metres) vari Urengoy mumunda muna Yamalo-Nenets zvionera District. Bhuku gasi kurimwa mune dzimwe dziri Russian Federation:

• Far East - 4.3%.
• Volga-Ural dhipoziti - 3.5%.
• Yakutia uye Eastern Siberia - 2.8%.
• Caucasus - 2.1%.

Processing yemafuta uye gasi

Basa kubudiswa kutendeutsa oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo uye gasi zvebhizimisi zvigadzirwa. peturu zvigadzirwa zvinosanganisira mafuta huni, peturu kuti motokari, ndege chinotsva, Diesel chinotsva. The kwacho zvinosanganisira yokunatsira DISTILLATION, Vacuum DISTILLATION, CATALYTIC zvokuvandudza, cracking walnut, alkylation, isomerization uye hydrotreating.

negasi kugadzira kunosanganisira compression-amine yokunatswa, glycolic kuomesa. Pfungwa fractionation hunosanganisira kuparadzana liquefied negasi rukova kupinda constituent yayo kumativi: ethane, propane, butane, isobutane uye dzinongoitika peturu.

The makambani pakukura Russia

Pakutanga, vose minda mafuta uye gasi pakukura kunge vakava chete neHurumende. To musi, zvivako izvi kushandiswa nemakambani. mafuta Total uye gasi maindasitiri mu Russia ine dzinopfuura 15 rakakura migodhi makambani, kusanganisira rinozivikanwa "Gazprom", "Rosneft", "Lukoil", "Surgutneftegaz".

The Kudeuka Makambani Russian mumunda gasi kugadzirwa uye kubudiswa dziri "Gazprom" uye "Novatek". Muna peturu indasitiri kutungamirira chinzvimbo pamisika iri "Rosneft", sezvo makambani vaitungamirira vari "Lukoil", "Gazprom Neft" uye "Surgutneftegaz".

Mafuta gasi indasitiri: kudzokorora ezvinhu munyika

By nokuwanda nekusimba reserves yeRussian Federation mafuta rakava wechitanhatu munyika. Zvakaratidza reserves ndivo avo kuti vawane nokushandisa michina ano. Mukusarudza chinzvimbo munyika anotora Venezuela. Uwandu mafuta reserves munyika - mabhiriyoni 298 emiti. Itariro negasi reserves muRussia dziri 47,6 tiririyoni cubic metres. Ndiyo indekisi yokutanga munyika uye 32% yenyika yose. Chechipiri gasi nokutengesa munyika vari kuMiddle East.

Mafuta gasi maindasitiri munyika kunotibvumira kugadzirisa zvinokosha zveupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika uye magariro evanhu matambudziko. Kana mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka ari munyika misika simba, bhizimisi dzakawanda mafuta uye gasi tichiregeredza mari kubva kunze kwenyika chinozoiswa zvinokosha upfumi mu National upfumi, vanoratidza chaizvo kukura simba. Mienzaniso dzepamusorosoro anogona kunzi sezvo nyika muSouth-West Asia, uyewo Norway, inova yakaderera maindasitiri kukura, nemhaka yeHydrocarbon reserves, razova rimwe nokubudirira zvikuru munyika muEurope.

budiriro tarisiro

mafuta Russian uye gasi indasitiri kunonyanya novimba unhu mumusika makuru vorongerwa nokuda dzokubudisa: Saudi Arabia uye United States. Pacharo, uwandu zvikaramba Mahydrocarbon asingadi kuziva nyika mitengo. Chikuru indekisi ndiyo chikamu dzokubudisa musimba mafuta imwe chete. Mari inoshandiswa 1 mudhiramu akasiyana munyika-vatungamiriri okuwana zvinosiyana zvikuru: chepasipasi kuMiddle East, chikuru muUnited States. Kana kusaenzana Vhoriyamu mitengo mafuta angachinja imwe kana mamwe nzira.