Kubudisa mafuta uye kukosha kwayo kwehupfumi hwenyika

Mutsara wokuti "mafuta ekugadzirwa kwezvinhu" yakagara yakadzika midzi munyika yakazara lexicon uye pasina chiduku chakava chiratidzo chemazuva ano. Nhasi, chigadzirwa ichi chemukati wepasi, pamwe chete neshamwari yayo yekusingaperi - gasi rechisikigo, ndiyo inongova ndiyo nzira yega yekushandisa simba renyika.

Dambudziko racho rinowedzerwa nechokuti izvo zvinotengeswa izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvinodhaka hazvikwanisiki. Chikonzero chehondo dzakawanda dzemazana emakore apfuura uye ezvezvino mazana emakore ekugadzirwa kwemafuta, dzimwe nguva inokura kubva mukukwikwidza kwekukwikwidza kwehupfumi mune zvigaro zvehondo zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvakasimba.

Mukuwedzera, pamusoro pemakumi maviri emakore akapfuura, kuda kwezvinhu kwakagadziriswa nevaverengi vakawanda vane kodzero, vachitya nyika yepasi nehupenyu husina maturo kuti zviwanikwa zvemafuta pasi pano zvichagara kwemazana makumi mashanu emakore. Asi, pasinei neizvi, nhasi kubudiswa kwemafuta munyika kunenge kwakangofanana nekushandiswa kwayo. Uye zviwanikwa zveizvi zvinotarisa chigadzirwa hazvifungi kunyange kuti zvinopera.

Saka chii ichi "apple yekusawirirana"? Mafuta, kubva pakuona kwemikemikari, mvura inowanikwa yakawanda yemafuta, ine maharacarbon emhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemakemikari akawanda, iyo, chaizvoizvo, yegorosi "yegoridhe yakasviba" uye unhu hwechigadzirwa hunoenderana. Mafuta emafuta angave akareba, matavi, mashoma, akavhara-akavharwa kana kuti-multi-ring ketoni ketoni.

Mukuwedzera kune kabhoni, mafuta anewo oksijeni, sulfuri uye nitrogen mishonga. Ichokwadi, mune zvishoma zvishoma. Muhuwandu, mafuta anogona kuwanikwa kusvika kune chiuru chezvikamu zvakasiyana. Ichi chigadzirwa, icho chinonyanya kuoma mukugadzirisa kwayo uye ndicho chakakosha zvikuru kumakambani emagetsi, inowedzera muzvinyorwa zvemasango ane mavara, ayo anonzi vatori.

Nzvimbo dzakanakisisa dzinoshandiswa, dzimba dzakasikwa dzakasiyana-siyana, ndiyo sandstone mabhedhi akavharirwa mumatombo asingagoneki (mhando dzakasiyana dzevhu uye shale) izvo zvinodzivisa kuputika kwechigadzirwa kubva muchigadziro ichi chemafuta. Saizvozvowo, mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, kubudisa mafuta kunowedzera nyore.

Pamusana pesimba rayo rinoshamisa uye rakakura kwazvo kutakura, chipo ichi chemukati wePasi, kunyange pakutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, chakatora nzvimbo inotungamira mune simba remhepo. Nekuvandudzwa kwesayenzi uye technic disciplines, mafuta akagamuchira kushandiswa kukuru pane zvose zvese zvevanhu.

Zvinonakidzawo kuti mari yekugadzirwa kwemafuta yakadzika zvikuru kupfuura, inoti, marasha. Asi simba rayo rinokosha rinokunda zvikuru. Izvo zvakaoma pasi redu kuwana chigadzirwa chingaita basa rakakura kudaro mukusimudzirwa kwehupenyu hwevanhu se "goridhe dema."

Inyanzvi yekugadzirwa kwemafuta zvakananga inobva pane zvekugadzirwa kweiyo yeiyo mari uye mamiriro ega ega ezvakaitika zvechigadzirwa. Kutanga kwekufambira mberi kwenyika nguva dzose kunotangira nekuongorora uye kuongororwa kwehupfumi hwekugadzirwa kwemafuta. Parizvino, kubudisa mafuta kunoshandiswa nefesheni nzira, tubing, gas-lift, uyewo nenzira ye hydrodynamic modeling nevamwe vakawanda.