RePompeii: The Story rufu guta pamifananidzo. History of Zvakafukunurwa pakati rePompeii. RePompeii: Alternative History

Tinozivei pamusoro peguta rekare rePompeii? History anotiudza kuti kamwe guta rino raibudirira pakarepo akarasikirwa vagari zvose pasi dhaka kupepuka rinoputika. Kutaura zvazviri, nyaya rePompeii Zvinofadza chaizvo uye akazadzwa yakawanda zvizere.

Mujinga Pompey

RePompeii - iyi ndiyo imwe eRoma zvikuru rekare guta raiva mupurovhinzi Naples muna Campania. Kune rimwe divi Gulf Naples (kare sezvo Kuman), uye kuno rumwe - rwizi Sarn (munguva dzekare).

Sei vakanga yakavakirwa rePompeii? Nhoroondo guta rinoti rayakavambwa yekare rudzi Oski kare 7th remakore BC. Izvi zvinoitika nezvimedu yetemberi Apollo uye temberi Doric ane mapurani rinoenderana nguva apo vakanga yakavakirwa rePompeii. Raiva guta chete panguva mharadzano anoverengeka nzira - muna Nola, Stabiae uye Kuma.

Hondo uye pasi

Muzana 6th remakore BC rePompeii yakakundwa dzinza Etruscans, uye gare gare - vaGiriki kubva Cumae.

Mumakore 343-290 BC vaiva Samnite War, apo guta mutsigiri Rome. Chete mamiriro pombi munguva iri Second Punic War, iyo kwakaitika mumakore 218-201 BC.

Asi panguva omubatanidzwa hondo Pompey vakatsigira vavengi veRoma, uye izvozvo zvakaitika kuti akazova guta raitongwa neRoma, vakasikwa Lucius Cornelius Musandu muna 80 BC.

Yakanga isiri kuedza kwake kutanga kukunda Pompei. 89 BC Musandu akatungamirira kukombwa guta munguva yehondo, asi iye akaramba uye akanga akavakirirwa aine mamwe shongwe ane 12. Asi nokukurumidza guta yakakundwa kugara pedyo omubatanidzwa hondo yerusununguko kubudikidza Musandu kuti kurayira.

Kubvira ipapo, rePompeii akava gungwa port, kuburikidza icho kugoverwa nhumbi muRoma, Italy iri unonzi Appian Way. Uyewo, guta raiva muzinda kuti kugadzirwa waini namafuta.

RePompeii: Nhoroondo guta kubudirira

Chaiva ugari simba. Munguva kubva muzana remakore rokutanga AD kusvikira gore raakafa zvakajeka zvikuru raibudirira rePompeii. Nhoroondo guta rinoti mumakore iwayo dzakavakwa ose dzinokosha Zvivako zvorudzii kuti dzaiva dzokufananidzira kuti nguva weRoma guta: temberi Jupiter, Basil, akafukidza musika nhumbi. Chokwadi, tsika uye yaiona zvivako yakavakwa rePompeii.

Guta dzemitambo maviri, rimwe riri duku, rave richishandiswa sechinhu indoor uye Odeon. Vakapona dzemitambo (kupfuura yekare zvose anozivikanwa kare), rakanga rakagadzirirwa zviuru 20 vaoni, uye 3 mabhati.

Guta yakashongedzwa zvivezwa uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoyevedza ounyanzvi, mumigwagwa vaiva yakagadzirwa. Asi apo nzira (akanga pedyo rufu musi) pakazopera upenyu kugarwa pakati rePompeii, nhoroondo yeguta.

Yaivawo zvakawanda mudzimba rePompeii, zvitoro, idzo ambonzi kuremekedza zvimwe zviitiko, unhu kana mabasa Somuenzaniso - Villa of Mysteries, House of Faun, Imba Menander, Imba epigrams.

Varidzi dzimba vapfumi yakashongedzwa zvavo dzimba Pamifananidzo siyana uye mosaics.

Nekudengenyeka rePompeii - imwe harbinger mugumo

Rakabudirira uye akanaka muguta rePompeii raiva. Nyaya rufu rwake rinotyisa. Uye chombo zvinoparadza kwaiva kuputika kwegomo reVesuvius.

The harbinger kwaaizoita njodzi rokutanga aiva kudengenyeka kwakaitika February 5, 63 BC.

Seneca mumwe mabasa ake akataura kuti sezvo chirongwa aiva seismically kushingaira vematunhu, kudengenyeka kwepasi Hazvishamisi kuti kwaari. Uye kudengenyeka kwakaitika kare, asi simba ravo raiva duku, vagari chete vacho vaishandisa kwavari. Asi nguva ino, netarisiro Munopfuura zvinotarisirwa zvose.

Zvadaro, muna vatatu pedyo maguta - rePompeii, Herculaneum uye Naples - chaizvo nedambudziko zvivakwa. Kuparadzwa kwakanga kwakadaro kuti mumakore 16 akazotevera, imba vakatadza apore zvakazara. Makore ose 16 vaishingaira vapore, rokuvakazve, zvizorwa igadziridzwe. Uyewo mune zvirongwa zvakanga kuvaka zvivako zvitsva zvinoverengeka Somuenzaniso, musimboti mazwi kuti kusvikira pazuva zvachose rePompeii uye vakakundikana.

Rufu Pompey. zuva One

Residents vakaedza kudzorera rePompeii. Nhoroondo kuparadzwa guta kunoratidza kuti njodzi akatanga muna 79 BC, masikati, musi waAugust 24 uye kwakatora 2 kwemazuva. Kuputika sezvo kusvikira zvino zvaionekwa wakaderera kuputika akaparadza zvose. Zvadaro pasi dhaka kuuraya kwete chete rePompeii asiwo mamwe maguta matatu - Stabiae, Herculaneum uye Oplonti.

Day pamusoro rinoputika rinowanika gore dota chiutsi, asi hapana pfungwa hazvibhadharwi. Papera chinguva, gore rakafukidza denga pamusoro peguta uye mumigwagwa vakatanga kugadzirisa dota flakes.

Chakamira pakunodengenyeka zvine mberi, richisvika kubva muvhu. Zvishoma nezvishoma, vari yakakura zvokuti kuti vanyonganisa ngoro, dzimba chiwondomoke apedza zvinhu. Pamwe chete dota ipapo denga atanga kudonha matombo.

Migwagwa uye dzimba muguta yakazadzwa kudzipwa sulphurous chiutsi, vanhu vakawanda vanongoita kutadza kufema mudzimba dzavo.

Vakawanda vakaedza kusiya guta zvinhu zvinokosha, uye vamwe vakanga vasingakwanisi kusiya pfuma yavo, vakaparadzwa mumatongo mudzimba dzavo. Products Kuputika Kwegomo vakabata vanhu uye munzvimbo dzevoruzhinji, uye kunze kweguta. Kunyange zvakadaro, vakawanda vacho akakwanisa kusiya rePompeii. History inosimbisa chokwadi ichi.

Rufu Pompey. zuva maviri

Zuva rakatevera, mhepo iri guta rava inopisa, zvangoitika kuputika kuputika akaparadza dhaka zvose zvipenyu zvose, zvose zvivako uye pfuma vanhu. Shure nezvirwere yaiva yakawanda nemadota kuti rakafukidza guta rose, pakukora padurunhuru rukoko rinosvika mamita 3.

Mushure tsaona pachiitiko yakasvika basa raikosha, izvo akataura "rufu" guta uye kuti haugoni kuchadzorerwa. Zvino akanga achiri zvaibvira pane wakasara vaimbova mumigwagwa yeguta, kusangana vanhu vari kuedza kuwana zvavo.

Pamwe chete rePompeii akauraya mumwe guta. Asi vakawana vakanga chete nokuda kuwanikwa Herculaneum. kwete guta rino wechipiri, anonziwo riri mujinga reVesuvius, akafa kubva dhaka nemadota. Pashure kuputika rinoputika, uyewo vanonetswa muguta, akazadza-mita matatu paiva nedombo nemadota kuti akarembera achityisidzira sezvinoita aval anogona kuenda chero nguva.

Uye nokukurumidza pashure nezvirwere akaenda madzvotsvotsvo mvura kuti akakoromora gobvu paiva nemadota kubva rinoputika mawere uye mvura mbiru neguruva uye nematombo vouta zvakananga panguva Herculaneum. kuyerera udzamu kwakanga 15 metres, saka guta akavigwa vapenyu pasi karwizi kubva reVesuvius.

RePompeii dzawanikwa

History uye nyaya zvinotyisa zvakaitika gore, refu apfuura pasi kubva kumarudzi namarudzi. Asi mushure emakore mashomanana, vanhu havacharemekedzi pfungwa apo akuvara raiva guta rePompeii. Nhoroondo kuparadza guta rino zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kurasikirwa uchapupu. Vanhu vaigara hwavo. Kunyange zviitiko apo zvisaririra zvezvivako vekare pane vanhu, akadai kuchera matsime, hapana munhu haana kumbofungidzira kuti zvakanga zvipenga rekare guta rePompeii. History of Zvakafukunurwa chete kwakatanga muzana remakore rechi18 uye zvisina kunanga chokuita zita Maria Amalia Christina.

Akanga ari mwanasikana waMambo Augustus pamusoro Saxony Wechitatu, izvo vakasiya kuDresden chivanze form hwake Charles Bourbon. Charles aiva mambo Sicilies Two.

Mambokadzi varipo akanga achida unyanzvi uye nechido chikuru akaongorora dzimba yamambo, anovaraidza uye vamwe pfuma yavo. Zvino rimwe zuva, iye akaita kuti tifunge zvivezwa, izvo kare rawanikwa pamberi rokupedzisira kuputika dzemabota reVesuvius. Vamwe mifananidzo iyi yakawanikwa netsaona, uye vamwe - pamwe pakunamata kuti General d`Elbefa. Koroleva Mariya aiva mwoyo nokunaka zvivezwa, izvo akabvunza mudzimai kuwana itsva yakadaro kwaari.

Last nguva nenguva reVesuvius yakagundika 1737. Panguva chiitiko ichi, musoro chikamu nendege mumhepo, yakatenuka akaramba pachena. Sezvo rinoputika uye makore nehafu haana kuratidza basa, mambo akabvuma kutanga kutsvaga zvivezwa. Uye vakatanga kubva nzvimbo kamwe apedza kusecha zvavo.

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Excavation yakapfuura tanetseka chaizvo, sezvo zvakanga zvakafanira kuti aparadze mafuta (15 mita) paiva mukukutu dhaka. Kuti aite izvi, mambo aishandisa rinokosha pfuti, gunpowder, simba vashandi. Pakupedzisira, vashandi vakagumburwa pamusoro chinhu esimbi mumigodhi chokunyepera. Saka matatu zvimedu huru mabhiza yendarira yakakura saizi zvakawanikwa.

Pashure paizvozvo, kwakasarudzwa kutsvaka rubatsiro kubva mazvikokota. Nokuti ichi akakokwa Marquis Marcello Venuti, uyo aiva muchengeti raibhurari youmambo. Zvakanga mberi kuwanikwa yakanyungudutswa matatu machena yevaRoma muna togas, bhiza mutumbi dzendarira kupendwa mbiru.

Kuwanikwa Herculaneum

Panguva iyoyo zvakava pachena kuti zvichaitika kunyange zvakawanda. Roumambo nemudzimai akasvika panzvimbo 22 December 1738, ongorora manera uye vakaona chinyorwa kuti inoti imwe Rufusi achizvibhadharira zvaanoda ndokumisa yemitambo Theatrum Herculanense. Nyanzvi mberi Zvakafukunurwa, nekuti vaiziva kuti yemitambo anomirira pamberi guta. Pane zvave nyaya dzakawanda kuti mvura iyerere vakauya kuna kumashure parusvingo yemitambo. Saka zvakanzi yakawanikwa Herculaneum. Nemhaka yokuwana ichi takakwanisa kuronga miziyamu, ichazombova iyo akanga asina panguva iyoyo.

Asi pombi iri dzisinganyudze kudzika kupfuura Herculaneum. Zvino mambo wakati akarangana musoro wayo unyanzvi Unit, akasarudza kumbosendeka kupikidura manotsi akapiwa masayendisiti musi rePompeii guta nzvimbo. Nhoroondo imwe vaipemberera zvose asingakanganwiki zviitiko maoko masayendisiti.

The Kucherwa pamusoro rePompeii

Saka, April 1, 1748 kutsvaka Pompey akatanga. Pashure 5 Mazuva, yakanga akawana chidimbu kubva seinäkartta wokutanga, uye musi April 19 - munhu zvasara, umo maoko akakungurutsa zvishomanana mari. Yaiva musimboti weguta rePompeii. Zvinosuruvarisa, kwete kuziva kukosha anowana, penyanzvi vakafunga kuti aifanira kutarisa kumwe, uye vakazadza nzvimbo ino.

A shoma dzemitambo akawanikwa kwapera uye Villa, yakanga akazonzi Imba Cicero. Masvingo ichi chivako vakanga zvakanaka kupendwa uye yakashongedzwa Pamifananidzo. All mabasa ounyanzvi zvakabviswa uye pakarepo akafukidzwa Villa shure.

Pashure paizvozvo, 4 makore uye nhoroondo Zvakafukunurwa ose rePompeii yakasiyiwa, kufunga zvava Herculaneum, apo imba ndiyo raibhurari "Villa Dei Papiri" yakawanikwa.

Muna 1754, nyanzvi zvakare vadzokera Zvakafukunurwa pamusoro rePompeii, iri kumaodzanyemba, apo rusvingo yekare uye zvasara mumakuva anoverengeka kwakawanikwa. Kubvira ipapo, guta rePompeii Zvakafukunurwa vakatora achishingaira.

RePompeii: imwe nzira nhoroondo yeguta

Nhasi kune vachiri kudavira kuti gore rufu Pompey - chakatangwa inobva tsamba kuna Pliny Muduku, uyo zvichipomerwa anorondedzera kuputika rinoputika, Tacitus. Izvi zvinomutsa mubvunzo wokuti nei, mutsamba idzi, Pliny haatauri mazita maguta rePompeii kana neHerculaneum, kana kuti ndicho kwaaigara babamunini Pliny Mukuru, uyo akafa muna rePompeii.

Mamwe masayendisiti kuramba chokwadi chokuti mutsaona yakaitika ndiyo 79 BC, nokuti kuti zvinyorwa zvakasiyana unogona kuwana mashoko anenge 11 kwemakomo kwakaitika munguva kubva 202 BC, makore 1140 (pashure pechiitiko, izvo akaparadza rePompeii). Zvino fume kuputika Mikoko mugore 1631 chete, pashure iyo rinoputika akaramba achishingaira kusvikira 1944. Sezvatinoona, chokwadi anoratidza kuti rinoputika, iro rave achishingaira kushanda, akarara kwemakore 500.

RePompeii munyika yanhasi

Nhoroondo inonakidza zvikuru muguta nhasi nhoroondo Herculaneum uye rePompeii. Photos, mavhidhiyo uye zvakasiyana-siyana pakutsvakurudza zvinhu zvinogona kuwanikwa muraibhurari kana paIndaneti. A yakawanda Vanyori vachiri kuedza kugadzirisa chirahwe guta rekare, kuongorora tsika nemagariro ayo napo.

vemifananidzo zhinji, muna Vol. H., uye K. Bryullov, nezvimwe mabasa ake vanoratidzwa Kutiza kubva rePompeii. Nyaya iri kuti muna 1828 K. Bryullov akashanyira matongo nzvimbo uye kunyange zvino akaita yokunyora nokudhirowa. Munguva kubva 1830 kusvika 1833 makore, iye akasika ake hwokudhirowa rounyanzvi.

Nhasi, guta vakadzorerwa napo, ndiyo imwe yakakurumbira Zvivako tsika (pamwe yeColosseum, kana Venice). City zvichigere vakachera zvizere, asi dzimba zhinji iripo rokuongorora. Mumigwagwa guta unogona kufamba uye vanakidzwe kunaka kuti makore anopfuura 2000!