Copper-nickel: ehupfumi, GOST. Kugadzirwa mhangura-nickel alloys. Cleaning mari yemhangura-nickel chiwanikwa

Copper ndohwaJehovha boka vasiri ferrous simbi. In yayo yakaisvonaka chimiro rine yakakwirira chafariz uye magetsi conductivity, zviri Zvisinei kunyanya kushandiswa magetsi indasitiri. Copper - a ductile chaizvo zvinhu, izvo anongokurukurwa zvakanaka kumanikidza kurapwa muchando uye kupisa.

Kuvandudza zvokuimba magadzirirwo mabasa zvivako zviri mukomboni mhangura kurishandisa pamwe nedzimwe simbi. Somugumisiro, mashoko Fusion muitiro anochinja nemamiriro sekristaro lattices, pane mamwe kutaurirana pakati ions uye maatomu. Kureva izvozvo anowedzera chiwanikwa simba zvichienzaniswa yakaisvonaka simbi.

Chii mhangura yakapambadzirwa pamwe nickel

Kana alloying nickel Nde alloying maatomu akafanana. It ane ngura nemishonga, zvisinei, dzinowanzotsigi- kushandiswa kuomesa. Kana alloying nemhangura fomu kuramba zvakasimba dambudziko. Copper-nickel anowana nhamba itsva zvinhu:

• anowedzera Kupisa kuramba kwemashoko;
• yekudyidzana kwakaderedza tembiricha coefficient pamusoro resistivity;
• pane mukuru nemishonga kuti ngura, kunyanya mu mvura munyu.

kupatsanura

The ehupfumi emhangura-nickel chiwanikwa kunoenderana chikamu yaiva nickel uye zvimwe zvinhu. Parizvino, akasika chaizvo anokosha nezvinhu itsva rakasiyana harakteristikami.V zvichienderana chikumbiro, vari rakakamurwa STRUCTURAL uye magetsi.

• Structural - vane matunhu anticorrosion uye simba unhu. Products vavo husingakwanisi hasha vezvenhau. Izvi sirivha German, nickel sirivha uye kunial. A kanoda pamazita ichi Monel, uyo akafanana uye kukura okunze ndiwo siyanei.
• Electro - kuti vakawedzera zvemagetsi nemishonga uye thermoelectric zvivako, avo kushandiswa mune simba uye magetsi mapurani. It constantan, manganin uye Copel.

Zivo makemikari anoumba uye mumuviri zvatariswa kuziva mhangura-nickel chiwanikwa muna rimwe mapoka.

sirivha German

It unotora vanenge 80% mhangura, 20% nickel, uyewo shoma simbi uye manganese. Yakadaro chiwanikwa anozivikanwa kuti vanhu kunyange III remakore BC. e. inonzi "mhangura chena" nokuda chiedza sirivha ruvara, iro afanane sirivha. Rine yakakwirira Anti-ngura zvivako, uye vakawanda kumahombekombe nokuchengeteka uye mukurumari pemhangura-nickel chiwanikwa. Utsotso pfungwa - nehasha 1170 ° C. ductility Good anogona kugadzirisa Products kuti kumanikidzwa. Akashandiswa pagadzirwe capacitors, chinoitwa okurapwa zviridzwa, cheap zvishongo Forogo, Banga Nechipunu, mari.

nickel sirivha

Izvi mhangura-nickel chiwanikwa pamwe kuwedzera zingi kuva sirivha ruvara ane greenish Hue. Zvichienderana mhando ingasanganisira kusvika 35% kubva nickel uye anosvika 45% zingi, vamwe - mhangura. Kwakadaro hwakasimba zingi tigutsikane yekudyidzana kunoderedza mari yayo kugadzirwa. sirivha German ane anenge chete zvemaziso ehupfumi sezvo cupronickel. Zviri husingakwanisi ngura, hunogara, nyore kufurirwa zvokuti kupatsanurwa ari inopisa uye kutonhora kumanikidzwa nzira.

Dzimwe nguva mberi doped achitungamirira nani machine. Ainyanya nokuti manufactures zvinoriumba zviridzwa, varindi uye zvokurapa zviridzwa. Zvinofadza kuti nhasi nokuda yakaderera mutengo nokuda kwake kakawanda kupfuura sirivha German, berekai zvishongo, Medals uye mirairo. Nickel Silver rinoshandiswawo anogadzira zvinhu enamel.

Kunial

Inoitwa yemhangura nechimwe nickel - 20%, zviduku kuwedzererwa ane aruminiyamu. Fused panguva tembiricha kuti 1183 ° C akateverwa richipedza uye kukwegura pane kubudirira chaizvo simba uye kuramba shoma tembiricha. Akakamurwa A giredhi (MNA13-3) uye B (6-1,5 MNA).
Brand A ane mbiri maitiro zvinokosha - matunhu simba uye rakasiyana ngura mumweya kungatikanganisa runyararo. Somuenzaniso, mune mvura mugungwa, rinogona kushanda kwemakumi emakore. Naizvozvo, chinhu chiwanikwa kushandiswa kugadzira zvikamu unokudzwa (propellers).

Grade B ane vakashinga ehupfumi, saka rinoshandiswa zvikuru kugadzira kwakavharwa nenyama zvinhu mutoro rwendo. Chinhu nemishonga kwazvo hwatsvuka muchando. Kubva ibereke STRUCTURAL zvikamu kushanda pasi tembiricha ezvinhu.

Monel

Rine pamusoro-muzvitatu maviri nickel uye chetatu mhangura. Utsotso pfungwa - 1350 ° C. The chikuru pfuma pemhangura-nickel chiwanikwa - ngura nemishonga. Rine yakakwirira zvemaziso zvivako - simba uye epurasitiki deformation. Monel muchiso NMZhMts rine vanenge 28% dzemhangura, 3% simbi, vanenge 3% kubva magnesium, shoma cobalt uye nickel.

Rine chete unhu Monel-400. Ndiye kupiswa Chaivo Metals Corporation uye akanga patented muna 1906. Naizvozvo, dzimwe mukugadzira makambani haagoni kushandisa zita iri. Saka pane imwe chiwanikwa - Nicorros. Zvisinei, zvinhu izvi zviri akafanana kwemakemikari zvose uye hwokugadzira harakteristikam.Tak ari chiwanikwa ine inopfuura hafu yevagari nickel, rinodhura iri nani kumusoro. Zvisinei, pane mabikirwo kugadzirwa hwemhangura-nickel chiwanikwa kushandisa mbishi zvinhu rwokuzvarwa sulphide ores pamwe zviri zvinhu zviviri, pasina risati kuparadzana kupinda munhu vomumatunhu. Izvi zvinogona kuderedza mari yokupedzisira chigadzirwa.

Monel rinoshandiswa kuti kugadzirwa, ekspluatruemyh mune zvechisimba runyararo pasi kumusoro zvokuimba loading. shipbuilding ichi, zvemakemikari uye mafuta maindasitiri, gadzira okurapwa zviridzwa, dzinonetsa mativi michina uye namano.

constantan

Hazvina chena ruvara ane maitiro yellowish molasses. Murwiyo ine: -59% mhangura; nickel - 39-41%; Manganese - 1-2%. Utsotso tembiricha 1260 ° C. Izvi mhangura-nickel chiwanikwa vakagamuchira zita rayo kubva huru pfuma - chafariz pakusimba. Ane waivako yakanaka chaizvo electric nemishonga yakaderera tembiricha kuwedzera coefficient. The chiwanikwa ndechokuti kugadzirwa thermocouple waya, iri kugadzirwa zviridzwa, uyewo yemagetsi kudziyisa zvinhu kuti anoshanda kutonhora kusvika 400-500 inegumi.

Waya dzakagadzirwa constantan, pasi Kupisa kurapwa inokosha, somugumisiro iyo simbi pamusoro kuumba mutete oxide firimu. With chigadzirwa ichi haatarisiri okuwedzera lacquering kana unodzivirira unhani. Constantan mapurasitiki chaizvo. pfuma iyi inobvumira kushandiswa dzaro Welding mhangura-nickel alloys.

Zvakaipira constantan raro kumbonyanya yakakwirira EMF - vanenge 43 MV. Izvi anobvisa kushandiswa waya uye matepi naye mukuru-zvakarurama tambo zviridzwa.

manganin

Zvinonzi rine vanenge 5% nickel, 12% manganese uye mhangura chawo. Utsotso pfungwa - 960 ° C. Sezvineiwo, manganin akanga afunga American Edward Venstonom pamusoro muna 1888 pahwaro naivo tega constantan sechinhu chinokosha zvinhu nokuda windings ose midziyo yemagetsi. It ane yakakwirira zvemagetsi resistivity uye pasi kwazvo EMF aiwanzopiwa wokushanda nendarira (kwete kupfuura 1 MV), izvo chinosiyanisa kubva constantan.

Kuti kuderedza tembiricha coefficient kurwisa manganovuyu waya iri annealed pana kutonhora dzinenge 600 ° pasi Vacuum, uye zvishoma nezvishoma haachandidi. Michina iyi inobvumira kuti kuwedzera tembiricha rokuti zvinhu anoramba kwayo nemagetsi ehupfumi anosvika 200 ° C. Atova ronda coils waya mberi kakawanda neshungu 150 ° C. Izvi inowana zvinoita chakagadzirwa kukwegura, pashure iyo inoshanduka iri crystalline nemamiriro simbi kushoma.

The chikuru nzvimbo kushandiswa manganin akaita zvinhu pamwe kugadzikana resistivity - mukugadzira siyana nemazvo zviridzwa kuyera chokupika remagetsi (amperage, voltage, simba).

Kopel

Chimwe chiwanikwa. Rine mhangura, 43% nickel, muduku simbi uye manganese. Utsotso tembiricha 1290 ° C. Tiine Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri reshiyo stably pasi resistivity uye yakakwirira TEDS aiwanzopiwa wokushanda pamwe zvakasiyana simbi alloys akashandiswa zvaAtemisi waya nokuda thermocouples uye electrodes. Chakarurama TEDS zvinhu kunowedzera maererano nokushanda tembiricha:

• panguva madhigirii 100 Celsius - 6,95V;
• pa 600 - 49B.

Copel chaizvo thermally kugadzikana - pasina kukanganisa dzinokosha ehupfumi angakudzivisai kupisa kusvika madhigirii 600 uye husingakwanisi ngura.
Copel thermocouple Switch rinoshandiswa namano kuti contactless tembiricha chipimo. The thermocouples anoshandiswa pamwe kunonyanyisa TEDS - chromium, mhangura kana simbi zvinhu aya akanaka electrodes uye Copel -negative. Kopel-chromel thermocouple rinoshandiswa kunyanya pyrometry kuti kuramba richiona nezvezvabuda tembiricha iri kuwanda kubva 200 600 madhigirii maindasitiri uye murabhoritari Kurongwa.

simbi urongwa

In kugadzirwa mhangura-nickel alloys vanoomerera ruzivo nekaupenyu zvakafanana. Melchior, nickel sirivha, kunial, constantan, manganin kutanga muchanyauswa mukati imwe induction muvira pasi wamazimbe mubhedha calcined. Kuwedzera batch mangé tsvina kuti 80%.

The kwacho kunotanga simbi yemhangura uye nickel. Zvavakanga akanyauka tainge tsvina guru akakora, ipapo yakanaka. Wokupedzisira monica zinc. Pashure pomuedzo kunyunguduka mhosva kubudisa deoxidized pamwe manganese nesilicon (nickel sirivha), kana nesilicon uye manganese (constantan uye nickel sirivha). Zvadaro kubva uchanyangadika nomumativi yose gang iri awedzera kunyange nemarasha. Kupisa rinopisa gobvu kuti tembiricha anenge 1300 ° C, wakaradzikwa manganese chloride nokuda kunoitwa kana zvakakodzera.

Siyanei yokubikira unyanzvi kunialey nokuti ane aruminiyamu. Usati pave aruminiyamu ari uchanyangadika kunodiwa kuwedzera 0.1% manganese nokuda deoxidation. Mushure Kuparadzwa ari aruminiyamu akanyauka pamusoro mwaya nekubudisa. Kana ichi haina kuitwa, firimu aumba kubva umo uchanyangadika inova kukodzera kudira.

Chemical, panyama uye STRUCTURAL zvivako kuona kuenda nzvimbo yakasiyana mhangura-nickel alloys. GOST 492-73, GOST 5063-73, GOST 5187-70, GOST 5220-78, GOST 17217-79 uye GOST 10155-75 mitemo inokosha gadzira yavo.

coinage

Around kuguma rokupedzisira remakore kose vakatanga chemindi mari yemhangura-nickel chiwanikwa. sezvamunoita kwayo dzaisiyana zvikuru mints siyana. Asi kunyanya rine 30% nickel, simbi duku kumwedzi uye mhangura somunhu nechimwe. Sezvo kwakajairika simbi nemari vave kunyanya ductile, nyore kufurirwa, Zvinokosha zvakaisvonaka uye isingadhuri, mazano nenzira isu takatsunga kuti Kuronga mari chiwanikwa. Naizvozvo kunyanya yakakurumbira nokuda kugadzirwa Mari nickel sirivha kushandiswa.

Modern mari Russian wakaumbwa alloys zvakasiyana. Zvikurukuru, zvachose panofanira mari nickel rakapa pamberi 2009. Steel mari imwe uye mbiri masendi mashanu-Ruble mhangura zvemapuranga ane mutete paiva nickel sirivha. zvinhu kwakadaro anonzi "bimetal". Saka zvakanyanya akaderedza mutengo mukugadzira mari esimbi pakati.

Alloys emhangura uye nickel, muduku kubatwa mhepo oxidation. Saka, zviratidzo zvayo anogona kuwanika chete mari ekare, kana avo vakanga vagara munharaunda utsinye. Nyanzvi, pfuma vavhimi uye mari inoshandiswa nokuda pakuchenesa specimens Mari siyana nzira - kubva dzakakurumbira Quick yemhando ruzivo.
Rokuchenesa nesipo nemvura inobvisa zvakanaka chete mitema oxides mhangura. Ndikarangarira sezvo mafuta omuorivhi, acetic acid, Pasta "Goya". Tinofanira kuyeuka kuti maturusi izvi hazvigoni chete kubvisa Dombo, asi sei pachavo chiwanikwa, zvichiita kuvadza mari. The kwekuva inoshanda zvikuru, munyoro uye kukurumidza kuchenesa Mari ndiyo yemhangura-nickel chiwanikwa kubudikidza electrolysis.