Properties uye maumbirwo makabhohaidhiretsi. makabhohaidhiretsi basa

Nokuti womunhu, uyewo mamwe zvipenyu vanoda simba. Pasina izvozvo, hapana kuerera haangavi kwendangariro. Pashure pezvose, ose nokukanganisika maitiro, chero enzymatic muitiro kana padanho muviri inoda simba kunobva.

Naizvozvo, kukosha zvokuvakisa, kupa muviri simba kuupenyu, ndiyo huru kwazvo uye inokosha. Zvaita? Makabhohaidhiretsi, mapurotini, mafuta. The mamiriro neimwe yakasiyana, vanopinda zvachose makirasi siyana pamusoro makemikari, asi mumwe mabasa avo akafanana - kupa muviri pamwe anodiwa simba kuti upenyu. Funga boka zvinotevera zvinhu - makabhohaidhiretsi.

kupatsanura pakati makabhohaidhiretsi

Murwiyo uye maumbirwo makabhohaidhiretsi kubva hwomukova yavo kurondedzerwa nezita ravo. Pashure pezvose, mukutanga zvinyorwa zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti wakadaro boka yeimwe izvo varipo vari maumbirwo kabhoni maatomu waakaita kuti mvura mamorekuru.

A kunyatsotsanangura pachisara uyewo vaunganidza mashoko kusiyana zvinhu izvi akabvumira kuratidza kuti havasi vamiririri vose vari chete chikamu. Zvisinei, ichi inoti ichiri mumwe wevaya kuti anosarudza sechivako makabhohaidhiretsi.

Modern kupatsanura boka iri yeimwe riri sezvinotevera:

1. Monosaccharides (ribose, fructose, shuga uye zvichingodaro).
2. Oligosaccharides (Bios, triose).
3. Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose).

Uyewo, makabhohaidhiretsi zvose zvinogona kukamurwa mapoka maviri anotevera:

• kudzorera;
• non-kuderedza.

The nemamiriro mamorekuru ose makabhohaidhiretsi nerimwe boka kunyatsotarisisa.

Monosaccharides: mamirire

chikamu ichi zvinosanganisira zvose mano makabhohaidhiretsi kuti ane aldehyde (aldose) kana ketone (ketose) boka uye kwete kupfuura 10 kabhoni maatomu ari cheni mamiriro. Kana kutarira nhamba maatomu ari mukuru cheni, kuti monosaccharides inogona kukamurwa:

• triose (glyceraldehyde);
• tetroses (erythrulose, erythrose);
• pentose (ribose uye deoxyribose);
• hexoses (shuga, fructose).

vamwe vamiririri All hazvisi saka zvakakosha kuti muviri vakaverengwa.

Zvakakurukurwa sechivako mamorekuru

In mamiriro monosaccharides zvinogona achimiririrwa cheni, uye ari muchimiro cyclic carbohydrate. Izvi zvinoitika sei? The ndechokuti chinokosha kabhoni atomu ari mukomboni chinhu asymmetric muzinda pakavakirwa Morekuru zviri mhinduro anokwanisa tenderera. Sezvo vanoumba Manyiminya isomers monosaccharides L- uye D-siyana. In ichi yemaitiro shuga akanyorwa muchimiro yakarurama cheni, unogona kunzwisisa pfungwa boka aldehyde (kana ketone) uye vagokungurusa akakwira bhora. Kuwana tsamba cyclic payakavakirwa.

Makemikari sechivako dzinoverengeka makabhohaidhiretsi monosaccharides nyore: uwandu kabhoni maatomu vanoumba mumwe izvo zvakasiyana kana vanosarudzirwa parutivi rumwe mapoka hydroxyl uye rehydrogen maatomu cheni kana mhete,. Kana vose zita iroro kurutivi rumwe rutivi mamiriro, ipapo D-isomer aumbwa, kana kuti zvakasiyana interleaved mumwe - ipapo L-isomer. Kana tinonyora mukuru payakavakirwa Rinomiririra zvikuru nevakawanda monosaccharides shuga iri samolecular chimiro, zvichataurirana chimiro: C ₆ H ₁₂ O _6. Uyezve, nhoroondo inoratidza mamiriro uye fructose, zvakare. Pashure pezvose, monosaccharides izvi zviviri mishonga - STRUCTURAL isomers. Shuga - aldegidospirt, fructose - Cetoalcohol.

Marongerwo uye zvivako zvinoverengeka makabhohaidhiretsi monosaccharides zviri pedyo nepedyo. Pashure pezvose, nokuda kuvapo aldehyde uye ketone mapoka ari Kuronga mamiriro vanopinda aldehyde uye ketonospirtam kuti anosarudza dzavo makemikari hunhu uye zvakaitwa iyo vanogona kujoina.

Saka, shuga rinoratidza zvinotevera ehupfumi:

1. Maitiro anokonzerwa kuvapo mapoka carbonyl:

• Oxidation - maitiro "sirivha girazi";
• pamwe dzichangobva kunokurumidziswa hydroxide, mhangura (II) - aldonic asidhi;
• Strong oxidants vanokwanisa kuumba diacids (aldarovye), kushandura kwete chete aldehyde asi mumwe hydroxyl boka;
• Recovery - iri dzikwanise polyols.

2. Morekuru ine mapoka hydroxyl uye unoratidza chivako. The ehupfumi pamusoro makabhohaidhiretsi, izvo vanotungamirirwa muzvikwata zvisina tsarukano humboo:

• Kukwanisa alkylation - inotungamirwa ethers;
• acylation - nokuumba esters ;
• Qualitative maitiro mhangura hydroxide (II).

3. chete dzakananga ehupfumi kuti shuga:

• butyric asidhi;
• doro;
• lactic chinovira.

Unoshanda mumuviri

Marongerwo uye kushanda vanoverengeka makabhohaidhiretsi monosaccharides zvine chokuita. Past vari, kupfuura zvose, kuita nokukanganisika Zvinoitwa zvipenyu mhenyu. Ndezvipi zviri muchinangwa ichi monosaccharides?

1. Hwaro kugadzirwa oligo-uye polysaccharides.
2. Pentose (ribose uye deoxyribose) - anokosha Morekuru munyaya inotungamirwa ATP, RNA, DNA. Uye ivowo, chikuru bhizimisi pamusoro nhaka zvinhu, simba uye mapuroteni.
3. The wevasungwa kwevari shuga muropa - munhu nechiyero osmotic kumanikidzwa uye ayo kuchinja vechokwadi.

Oligosaccharides: mamiriro

The nemamiriro carbohydrate boka ipfupi nokuva maviri (Diozu) kana nhatu (triose) monosaccharide mamorekuru zviri murwiyo. Kune avo apo Zvinoumba 4, 5 kana kupfuura zvivako (kusvika 10), asi Zvinonyanyozivikanwa disaccharides. Ndiko, ari hydrolysis pamusoro yeimwe izvi anoora kuumbika shuga, fructose, pentoses, uye zvichingodaro. Ndezvipi yeimwe vanowira muchikwata ichi? Muenzaniso - nayo sucrose (zvakajairika nomudonzvo shuga), lactose (chikuru chezvinonhuwira mukaka), maltose, lactulose, isomalt.

Makemikari sechivako dzino makabhohaidhiretsi ane zvinotevera zviri:

1. The vakawanda nzira yacho samolecular kwemarudzi: C ₁₂ H ₂₂ O _11.
2. Two fanana kana yakasiyana monosaccharide Zvakasara disaccharide marongerwo vari interconnected pachishandiswa zambuko glycoside. On yezvakaita mukomboni achaenderana kuderedza simba shuga.
3. Kuderedza disaccharide. Carbohydrate sechivako ichi mhando ndiyo paumbwe zambuko pakati glycosidic hydroxyl aldehyde uye hydroxyl mapoka akasiyana mamorekuru ose monosaccharides. Izvi zvinosanganisira maltose, lactose, uye zvichingodaro.
4. Nonreducing - randinenge muenzaniso sucrose - apo zambuko achiumbwa pakati hydroxyl mapoka chete avo pasina kupindura aldehyde mamiriro.

Saka carbohydrate mamiriro inogona waitsanangura muchimiro samolecular payakavakirwa. Kana zvakakodzera zvakawanda yakarongeka muAtlantic, saka unogona kumirira vachishandisa graphical kana Heuorsa Fischer fungidziro Masvomhu. Zvakananga, vaviri cyclic monomers (monosaccharides) kana zvakasiyana kana zvakafanana (zvichienderana oligosaccharide) interconnected pedyo glycosidic zambuko. Kana kuvaka vanofanira kufunga kudzorera kukwanisa zvakanaka kuratidza chokuita.

Mienzaniso disaccharides mamorekuru

Kana basa ndewe muchimiro: "Ona STRUCTURAL zviri carbohydrate," ipapo disaccharide ndiyo yakanakisisa kutanga tsanangurai kubva zvakasara monosaccharides ndiyo. The mhando Zvinonyanyozivikanwa:

• sucrose - zvakavakwa Alpha-Beta-shuga, uye fructose;
• maltose - shuga residues;
• cellobiose - ine mbiri shuga residues kuti Beta-D-siyana;
• lactose - galactose + shuga;
• lactulose - galactose + fructose uye zvichingodaro.

Zvadaro, maererano iripo residues vanofanira kuva pachena kubva STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa mushonga kuti glycoside mhando zambuko.

Zvainoreva zvipenyu

Very guru uye basa disaccharide, zvakakosha kwete chete chacho. Mashandiro anoita makabhohaidhiretsi uye mafuta Kazhinji zvakafanana. Zvinonzi inobva chikamu simba. Kunyange zvakadaro, tinofanira kuratidza kwavo chaiyo kukosha vamwe nomumwe disaccharides.

1. Sucrose - huru kunobva shuga mumuviri womunhu.
2. Lactose rinowanikwa zamu mukaka mhuka, kusanganisira hadzi 8 uye%.
3. Lactulose inotengwa murabhoritari kudirwa zvokurapa zvinangwa, uyewo kuwedzera kugadzirwa dheri zvigadzirwa.

Chero disaccharide, trisaccharide zvichingodaro muvanhu uye nezvimwe zvisikwa kaviri nguva imwe hydrolyzed kune monosaccharides. chinhu ichi ndiyo hwaro kushandisa mukirasi iyi makabhohaidhiretsi munhu yakatsvuka, unaltered (bhiti kana shamhu shuga).

Polysaccharides: Molecular zvinhu

Mabasa, akafanana uye sechivako wandei makabhohaidhiretsi zvinokosha zvipenyu zvisikwa, uyewo mabasa evanhu. Chokutanga, unofanira kunzwisisa kuti makabhohaidhiretsi mhando muri polysaccharides.

Vazhinji:

• starch;
• glycogen;
• murein;
• glucomannan;
• cellulose;
• dextrin;
• galactomannan;
• muromin;
• pectin;
• amylose;
• chitin.

Izvi hazvisi mishoma chaizvo, asi chete rinonyatsooneka mhuka nemiti nemhaka yokukara. Kana tichiita basa "Check zvaidiwa sechivako dzinoverengeka makabhohaidhiretsi polysaccharides", chokutanga unofanira kuteerera kwavo spatial marongerwo. Zviri voluminous chaizvo, hofori Morekuru, rine mazana monomer zviumbu muchinjikwa chokuita glycosidic namakemikari zvisungo. Kazhinji samolecular maumbirwo polysaccharides ose carbohydrate chinhu layered sezvamunoita.

Pane imwe kupatsanura pakati mamorekuru akadaro.

1. Gomopolisaharidy - ine chete yokudzokorora. vamapoka monosaccharides. Zvichienderana monosaccharide zvinogona hexoses, pentoses, uye zvichingodaro (glucans, mannans, galactans).
2. Heteropolysaccharides - inoumbwa yakasiyana monomer dzakabatana.

Compounds ane Linear spatial marongerwo anofanira kunzi Somuenzaniso, cellulose. Mapazi mamiriro ane ruzhinji polysaccharides - starch, glycogen, chitin uye zvichingodaro.

Basa iri mumuviri zvipenyu

Marongerwo uye basa makabhohaidhiretsi muboka iri zvakabatana pamwechete noupenyu rezvisikwa zvose. Somuenzaniso, anosima ari inotonhorera kuchengeterwa vaunganidza dzakasiyana-siyana nhungirwa kana mudzi starch. Kwainyanya simba kuti mhuka - kunze polysaccharides, ayo inoumbwa cleavage imwe yakawanda simba.

Makabhohaidhiretsi vari muchitokisi mamiriro kuridza kwazvo rinokosha. It rinoumbwa chitin pabutiro rezvipembenene zhinji uye crustaceans, murein - sero rusvingo zvinoumba mabhakitiriya, pulp - hwaro chirimwa.

Bvisai zvinovaka muviri zvinhu mhuka mavambo - morekuru glycogen, kana sezvazvakanyorwa zvakawanda unowanzonzi, mafuta emhuka. Iye mumabhatiri nhengo dzomuviri uye anoita kwete chete simba, asiwo rwokudzivirira basa pamusoro zvemaziso izvi.

Nokuti zvinenge vakawanda kunokosha zvikuru maumbirwo makabhohaidhiretsi. Biology mumwe mhuka uye chirimwa wakadaro rinoda dzose simba tsime, hariperi. Uye unogona chete kuvapa, uye kupfuura zvose zviri muchimiro polysaccharides. Saka, kugayiwa 1 g carbohydrate somugumisiro metabolic pezvakaitwa rakakwana inotungamirira nokubudiswa 4.1 kcal simba! Ndiwo kufadza, asisiri anopa munhu kubatana. Ndokusaka makabhohaidhiretsi vanofanira kuvapo muna zvokudya munhu kana mhuka. Plants uyewo kuzvitarisira: mu nedanho photosynthesis vanoumba mukati starch uye kuchengeta nayo.

General ehupfumi kuti makabhohaidhiretsi

The nemamiriro mafuta, mapuroteni uye makabhohaidhiretsi zvavo zvakafanana. Pashure pezvose, ivo macromolecules zvose. Kunyange vamwe mabasa avo vane zvakafanana mavambo. Zvinofanira muchidimbu basa uye kukosha makabhohaidhiretsi muupenyu panyika wacho biomass.

1. Murwiyo uye maumbirwo makabhohaidhiretsi dzinosanganisira kushandiswa pavo chivakwa zvinhu nokuda goko zvirimwa masero, mhuka uye kwemabhakitiriya membranes uyewo paumbwe intracellular organelles.
2. The unodzivirira basa. Hunhu chirimwa zvipenyu uye kunoratidzwa pakugadzirwa spines dzavo, minzwa uye zvichingodaro.
3. Plastic basa - dzidzo ichocho mamorekuru zvinokosha (DNA, RNA, ATP nevamwe).
4. Kanotokonya basa. Polysaccharides uye oligosaccharides - vanoshingaira vechikamu chokufambisa anotamisa sero Kamudzira, "varindi" uchibata rova.
5. Energy rinonyatsooneka basa. Inopa kunonyanyisa simba zvose intracellular urongwa, uyewo basa rose muviri.
6. The mutemo osmotic kumanikidzwa - Shuga anoita kudzora kwakadaro.
7. Vamwe polysaccharides vari reserves zvokudya, simba kwaibva zvisikwa zvemhuka.

Saka, zviri pachena kuti mamiriro kwemafuta, mapuroteni uye makabhohaidhiretsi, avo nerevane muchinangwa mitumbi yokurarama hurongwa zvinokosha uye kusarudza kukosha. mamorekuru izvi - the creators zvoupenyu, naivo kuchengetedza uye kuhuchengeta.

Makabhohaidhiretsi nevamwe macromolecular yeimwe

Also kuzivikanwa ndiro basa makabhohaidhiretsi haisi zvayo yakachena chimiro, uye akabatana nevamwe mamorekuru. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvakadaro rakajairika, yakadai se:

• glycosaminoglycans kana mucopolysaccharides;
• glycoproteins.

Marongerwo uye zvivako zviri makabhohaidhiretsi iyi mhando ndiyo nani kuoma nokuti kunzwisisa zviri chokuita zvakasiyana dzichipfekeka mapoka. The chikuru basa iri mhando mamorekuru - munyaya zhinji dzinotsanagura zvipenyu upenyu. Representatives ndiwo: hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, heparan, keratan sulfate, uye vamwe.

Panewo polysaccharides zvivako nevamwe pakugadzira zvinoshingaira mamorekuru. Somuenzaniso, lipopolysaccharides kana glycoproteins. Kuvapo kwavo kukosha paumbwe immunological siyana dzomuviri, sezvo ivo vari nhengo masero ari nhengo dzinobudisa hurongwa.