The enhetembo kwokufananidzira mumabhuku

Pakutanga kwezana 19-20 emakore kwokufananidzira mumabhuku kwakaratidza yo nguva chaiyo Danho. kunechekuita ake akanga akanzwa okupedzisira emakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore. Kwokufananidzira ari mabhuku ake aesthetic nouzivi zvinotarisirwa akakura pamusoro colour enyika maitiro vaitevera pokukundwa echimurenga populism. Nguva iyi ndiyo pasocial kurega kunotanga. Munhambo iri kwokufananidzira kuchangotanga.

Literature, nhetembo zvikurukuru, ainetseka pamusoro chirwere, kuderera panguva iyoyo. Poetry, dzarasika unoriumba simba, simba uye kukwirira, nani uye yaparara. Nhetembo pacharo midziyo hachisisina simba uye zvinhu uye yechokwadi.

Kwokufananidzira mumabhuku yakabuda somunhu kutsutsumwa pamusoro impoverishment, chido kudzokera upenyu simba rake, achiti matsva shoko. Panguva nhungamiro yava vakauya nayo ine kusafarira Russian paunotsoropodzwa pamwe maonero ayo pfuma. Akazotanga pavanotaurirana uye Marxist mutsoropodzi. The enhetembo kwokufananidzira mumabhuku akasimudzira chitendero uye idealism.

The kuratidzwa sangano rokutanga vakava pachena mune bhuku Dmitry Merezhkovsky, muunganidzwa wake nhetembo "Symbols". In 1894-95. kubva "Russian kutsoropodza." In izvi kuunganidza matatu mabasa akadhindwa advantageously muduku Briusov Bal'mont. Mumabasa aya, mumwe akanzwa mutsva muitiro.

MuRussia, paiva kwokufananidzira mumabhuku ari kungogara kubva West. Young vadetembi akapa mumwe mwero simba Chirungu, French, nhetembo German. Pasinei chokwadi kuti mune dzimwe nzira vachinzwisisa Symbolist inonyatsoratidza muuzivi Schopenhauer uye Nietzsche, ivo noushingi akaramba kuti vane chinokosha kuvimba Western mabhuku European. Vakaedza kuwana nemidzi yawo chizvarwa mabhuku, mabasa feta, Tiutchev, Fofanova. Vaiva prerequisites kutanga "ukama" nemabasa Lermontov uye Pushkin imwe mhando. Maererano Balmont, Chirevo chakavapo kwenguva refu. Aiona Symbolists Calderon uye Blake, Baudelaire uye Edgar Allan Poe nevamwe.

Hapana mubvunzo kuti okugadzira zvinhu Tiutchev uye feta zviratidzo okufananidzira varipo. Mukuwedzera, nezvomumwe nzira hukama tsika Russia womudzimu, ivhu National ayo runoratidzwa ndechokuti mirayiridzo haisi akafa, asi nekusiyana, kukura, vachiita nesimba idzva pamubhedha wayo.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Russian kwokufananidzira mumabhuku kubva West akasiyana zvikuru nehasha. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira, kunyanya, kuti kunamata, upfumi, kubudirira mune mirayiridzo iyi Russia.

Mukutanga yakareba inotungamirwa kuyerera Symbolist mabasa kazhinji vaishora uye kunyange pasi rinosekesa. Mudetembi akanga dzakabatanidzwa zita dzakaora, nokudaro vanoongorora kwavo dzakaora mwoyo netariro, munhu raidudzwa individualism, pfungwa noupenyu kurambwa. Zvisinei, nokuda pakutanga rakatevera remakore Chirevo akatanga kumira panze somunhu mabhuku sangano rose kunobatanidza pamwe chokwadi. Zvakanga zvakaoma kuvhiringidza nevamwe mananara mifananidzo, akatanga kuva aesthetics ayo, poetics, inotungamirwa kwavo uye kudzidzisa. 1900 akava mhando imwe nyika - iyi akasimbisa "chiso" kuti kwokufananidzira mune mabhuku. It aizivikanwa nokubudiswa vakura, aisiya yakajeka unhu nemunyori rinonzi Balmont "zvivakwa unopfuta" uye mabasa Bryusov "The wechitatu murindi» ( «Tertia Vigilia»).

Mumabhuku, symbolist kufamba chaiva Romantics, vakafuridzirwa nomudzimu rondedzero dzokufungidzira dzinowanzoguma uzivi, yakabvuma nechimiro chokureva ane mirayiridzo idzva rechitendero. The Symbolists vakakwanisa sensitively andobata uye kutaura pfungwa harityisi of zvinosuwisa zvemagariro njodzi chepakuvamba rechimakumi maviri remakore.