Nucleotide - chii ichi? The sezvamunoita, mamiriro, nhamba uye kutevedzana kwezviitiko nucleotides vari DNA cheni

All upenyu panyika rinoumbwa masero akawanda anotsigira kukamurwa sangano ravo tichiregeredza huri musimboti majini mashoko. Zviri vachiripo, chinozoiswa uye inoparadzirwa kunzwisisa macromolecular yeimwe - a nucleic asidhi raiumbwa monomer dzakabatana - nucleotides. hazvibviri kuona basa nucleic acids. Kugadzikana pezvivako dzavo pakutsvaga dzose kushanda Muviri, uye chero zvarakasiya marongerwo vaizongoguma kutungamirira nokuchinja cellular sangano, basa vasiri pezvakaitwa uye chinhanho masero zvavo.

Pfungwa imwe nucleotide yayo zvivako

Mumwe morekuru DNA kana RNA rinoumbwa zviduku monomeric yeimwe - nucleotide. Nemamwe mashoko, nucleotides - Nzira Dzinovaka nucleic acids, co-makemikari uye vazhinji nevamwe utachiona yeimwe, izvo dzinonetsa nechitokisi muupenyu hwayo.

The chikuru ehupfumi awa zvinokosha zvinhu zvinosanganisira:

• kuchengetera ruzivo pamusoro puroteni marongerwo uye nhaka unhu;
• Kuzvidzora pamusoro kukura uye kubereka;
• mubasa muviri uye vazhinji nevamwe vasiri pezvakaitwa muchitokisi.

The Kuronga nucleotides

Achitaura nucleotides, hatigoni kugara anokosha akadai nyaya sezvo nechivako yavo uye sezvamunoita imwe.

Mumwe nucleotide chinosanganisira:

• shuga vakasara;
• nitrogenous vakaisvoipa;
• phosphate boka kana vakasara kuti phosphoric acid.

Tinogona kutaura kuti nucleotide - kunzwisisa Organic akakura. Zvichienderana yakananga anoumba uye mhando nitrogenous nezvigadziko zviri nucleotide pentose nucleic iine acid mamiriro dziya mu:

• deoxyribonucleic asidhi kana DNA;
• ribonucleic acid, kana RNA.

Zvinoumba nucleic asidhi

The nucleic asidhi-pentose shuga iri kukurukurwa. Izvi shanu-kabhoni shuga iri DNA kunonzi deoxyribose, mu RNA - ribose. Mumwe Morekuru ane pentoses shanu kabhoni maatomu, mana iyo pamwechete bhodhoro atomu kuumba mhete shanu-membered, uye cheshanu HO-CH2 boka.

Nzvimbo imwe neimwe kabhoni atomu ari Morekuru pentose runotaurwa Arabic nhamba ane chikuru (1C ', 2C', 3C ', 4C', 5c '). Sezvo pezvakaitwa zvose kuverenga yokugara mashoko nucleic asidhi mamorekuru vane wakaoma directivity, vakaverengwa carbon maatomu uye urongwa kwavo rin'i kuva Pointer kune zvakarurama zvokuita.

The hydroxyl boka rechitatu uye wechishanu kabhoni maatomu (uye 3S '5S') vakakoshesa phosphoric asidhi vakasara. Iye anosarudza makemikari kweMwana DNA uye RNA boka acids.

Rokutanga kabhoni atomu (1S ') nitrogenous chawo vasiyana shuga Morekuru.

Species sezvamunoita nitrogenous zvigadziko

Nucleotides DNA nitrogenous bwezvingoro vanomirirwa mhuka ina:

• adenine (A);
• guanine (G);
• cytosine (C);
• thymine (T).

maviri okutanga ndezvaJehovha mukirasi purines, vaviri vokupedzisira - pyrimidine. Molecular kurema purine pyrimidine ndiyo nguva dzose kunorema.

Nucleotides RNA nitrogenous zvigadziko dzinomiririrwa:

• adenine (A);
• guanine (G);
• cytosine (C);
• uracil (U).

Uracil uyewo thymine, munhu pyrimidine nechimwe.

In mabhuku yesayenzi uye kazhinji vanogona kuwana mamwe rokuti nitrogenous zvigadziko - tsamba Latin (A, T, C, G, U).

oudzame zvikuru makemikari maumbirwo purines uye pyrimidines.

Pyrimidines, kureva, cytosine, thymine uye uracil, ari mamiriro anomiririrwa maviri senitrogen maatomu mana kabhoni maatomu wezvamatongerwe matanhatu mhete membered. atomu ose ine nhamba yaro kubvira 1 kusvika 6.

Purines (adenine uye guanine) chinosanganisira pyrimidine uye imidazole kana mbiri heterocycles. Morekuru purine zvigadziko anomiririrwa zvina senitrogen maatomu uye shanu kabhoni maatomu. Mumwe atomu vakaverengwa kubvira 1 kusvika 9.

The zvichiguma remubatanidzwa wenyika nitrogenous pechingoro uye pentose vakasara kuumbwa nucleoside. Nucleotide - a nucleoside remubatanidzwa uye phosphate boka.

Paumbwe phosphodiester zvisungo

Zvakakosha kunzwisisa mubvunzo sei kuti nokubatanidza nucleotides ari polypeptide cheni kuumba nucleic asidhi Morekuru. Izvi zvinoitika nokuda vanonzi phosphodiester zvisungo.

Kusakarongeka pakati nucleotides maviri anopa dinucleotide. Kuumbwa yeimwe itsva kunoitika kuburikidza condensation sezvo pakati phosphate vakasara chete monomer uye mumwe hydroxy pentose phosphodiester chisungo kunoitika.

Polynucleotide usage - akadzokorora Kudzokorora kuita ichi (miriyoni shoma nguva). A cheni polynucleotide inovakwa nokuumba phosphodiester zvisungo pakati yechitatu uye wechishanu carbons shuga (3S 'uye 5S').

Vaungana polynucleotide - muitiro wakaoma kunzwisisa kuti zvinoitika kana enzayemu DNA polymerase, iyo inopa chete cheni kukura pamugumo (3 ') pamwe akasununguka hydroxy boka.

Sechivako morekuru reDNA

Morekuru reDNA uyewo puroteni kunogona chikuru, chesekondari uye tertiary marongerwo.

The kutevedzana kwezviitiko nucleotides vari DNA cheni rinorondedzera zvikuru marongerwo. Secondary mamiriro achiumbwa nokuda rehydrogen zvisungo, nemhaka iyo panowanikwa wakaisa complementarity musimboti. Nemamwe mashoko, ari kwetunhu DNA kaviri akamonyoroka anoita vamwe kakawanda: adenine, thymine unoenderana dunhu rimwe, guanine - cytosine ndiEzekieri. Yegwara adenine uye thymine kana guanine uye cytosine vari inoumbwa vaviri vari vokutanga uye mukupera nyaya nhatu rehydrogen zvisungo. remubatanidzwa kwakadaro kunopa yakasimba chisungo nucleotide ngetani uye kure zvakaenzana pakati pavo.

Kuziva kutevedzana kwezviitiko nucleotides ari DNA cheni kubudikidza nheyo complementarity inogona kuwedzerwa yechipiri kana chinamatidzwa.

The tertiary nemamiriro DNA zvakaoma chakaumbwa-dimensional matatu zvisungo, izvo morekuru zvichiita zvikuru chiine vanokwanisa akaisa duku rwakapetwa sero. Somuenzaniso, E. coli DNA kureba kupfuura 1 neMM, apo sero pakureba - zvishoma pane 5 microns.

Kuwanda nucleotides vari DNA, uye ukama hwavo quantitative pasi pokutonga Chergaffa (nhamba purine bwezvingoro nguva vakaenzana uwandu pyrimidine). Daro pakati nucleotides - kugara akaenzana 0.34 nm, uye avo samolecular uremu.

Sechivako imwe RNA Morekuru

RNA inomiririrwa chete polynucleotide cheni, inoumbwa covalent zvisungo pakati pentose (ribose iyi nyaya) uye phosphate moiety. In kureba kwayo rakapfupika zvikuru DNA. Mhando Kuronga nitrogenous nezvigadziko zviri nucleotide uye pane misiyano. The RNA pyrimidine chawo thymine pachinzvimbo uracil kushandiswa. Zvichienderana mabasa anoitwa mumuviri, RNA angava vatatu marudzi.

• Ribosomal (rRNA) - kazhinji ane kubva 3,000 kusvika 5,000 nucleotides. Somunhu zvakafanira STRUCTURAL pakuderedza rinobatanidzwa paumbwe vanoshingaira pakati ribosomes, nzvimbo imwe kwemasayendisiti inokosha muchitokisi - mapuroteni biosynthesis.
• Transport (tRNA) - inoumbwa paavhareji 75 - 95 nucleotides, anoita kuchinjirwa kune nzvimbo unodikanwa amino iine acid polypeptide usage mu ribosome. Mumwe mufananidzo tRNA (kanenge 40) ine yokusafa chete nayo kutevedzana kwezviitiko nucleotides kana monomers.
• Information (RNAi) - iri nucleotide sezvamunoita ndiyo siyana chaizvo. Kuchinjwa magene mashoko kubva DNA kune ribosomes, anoita somunhu template nokuda kwetunhu puroteni Morekuru.

Basa nucleotides mumuviri

Nucleotides muchitokisi kuita zvinoverengeka zvinokosha mabasa:

• anoshandiswa sezvokuvakisa kuti nucleic acids (nucleotide purine uye pyrimidine series);
• vanobatanidzwa metabolic zhinji pezvakaitwa muchitokisi;
• chikamu ATP - huru simba panobva mumasero;
• chiito sezvo vectors kuderedza neShanduro muchitokisi (ZWL +, NADP +, kwechokwadi, FMN);
• kuita sezvo bioregulators;
• anogona kunzi sezvo wechipiri nhume extracellular dzose kwetunhu (semuenzaniso, musasa kana cGMP).

Nucleotide - a monomer chikwata rinoumbwa zvakawanda yeimwe dzakaoma - nucleic acids, pasina iro kuchinjwa kuvabereki mashoko, ayo okuchengetera uye playback. Free nucleotides ndivo vanonyanya zvinoriumba muzvirongwa chiratidzo simba pezvakaitwa uye kutsigira masero uye zvinoitika kushanda yose muviri.