PaChernobyl vakatambudzwa. Rapanzvimbo njodzi

Renyukireya kunozivikanwa somumwe zvikuru uye zvinovimbisa zvikuru. Asi muna April 1986 nyika yakanga runozununguswa incredible dambudziko: reactor raputika panguva chirimwa pedyo neguta Pripyat. Mubvunzo vangani vakawirwa paChernobyl ipapo, uye ichiri nyaya gakava, sezvo pane zvakasiyana Kukoshesa zvinodiwa uye shanduro dzakasiyana-siyana. Zvisinei hapana mubvunzo, kuti kutambudzwa njodzi iyi hunoshamisa. Saka chii ndiye nhamba yevanhu vakaurayiwa paChernobyl chaizvoizvo? Chii chinokonzera kuti tsaona?

Sezvazvakanga zvakaita

Pausiku 26 musi April 1986 , kuputika kwakaitika panguva paChernobyl simba renyukireya chirimwa. Somugumisiro tsaona yacho reactor rakaparadzwa zvachose, chikamu simba chikwata ndiyewo matongo. In pave radioactive zvinhu zvaikandwa - ayodhini, strontium, uye necesium. Kuputika akatanga moto, yakaumbwa simbi vakawanda, mafuta uye kongiri wadururirwa rezasi nzvimbo pasi reactor. Mukutanga maawa paChernobyl vanobatwa vakanga duku, achiuraya vakuru vari pabasa. Asi anokunyengedzera maitiro kwenyukireya pakuti ane refu, kunonoka chiito. Naizvozvo, uwandu vawirwa yakaramba ichiwedzera ose zuva. Kuwedzera vanotambura nokuda vasina uye maitiro nezviremera panguva liquidation chiito. Mumazuva okutanga kubvisa njodzi uye kudzima moto akakandwa yakawanda inokosha mabasa ehondo, mauto, mapurisa, asi avo vakachengeteka hapana zvechokwadi kunetswa. Naizvozvo, nhamba vanobatwa yakura kakawanda, kunyange zvazvo izvi angadai kudziviswa. Asi pano basa reDare chinhu hapana rakagadzirirwa ezvinhu akadaro, muenzaniso kwakadaro pamwero mukuru tsaona havana, saka zvakanga zvisiri musoro kuita zvinotevera yakatanga.

Sei reactor yenyukireya

NPP mashandiro Chaizvoizvo inovakwa iri maitiro kwenyukireya umo kupisa asunungurwa. The reactor renyukireya anopa sangano kudzorwa kuzvipira kushingiswa fission cheni kuita. Izvi zvabudiswa simba, iyo dzikwanise magetsi. Nokuti kokutanga reactor kwakatangwa muna 1942 muUnited States pasi pokudzora yakakurumbira yefizikisi Enrico Fermi. Nheyo zviito reactor yakavakirwa pamusoro cheni maitiro uranium exchange kuora mukufamba izvo pane neutrons, izvi zvose pamwe nokubudiswa wegamma mwaranzi nokupisa. In yayo dzinongoitika chimiro kuora kwacho kunosanganisira nokupesana maatomu iyo inowedzera exponentially. Asi reactor rinodzorwa maitiro, saka muitiro ndeyevanyori kupatsanura maatomu. saka marudzi ano reactors maximally kudzivirirwa marudzi anoverengeka anodzivirira gadziriro vanoonekwa yakachengeteka. Naizvozvo, zvisinei, vanoita zvinoratidza kuti havangagoni kuva kwakagonesa harmlessness vakadaro mano, nguva dzose inoramba ngozi netsaona, izvo zvakaita vanhu kufa. Vakatambudzwa paChernobyl - muenzaniso wakajeka. Shure kwaizvozvo dambudziko kudzivirira nyika reactors kwave yekudyidzana nani, paiva zvoutachiona sarcophagi kuti, maererano Developers, zvikuru hwakavimbika.

The matambudziko nemwaranzi pamusoro dzevanhu

The kuora kuti uranium exchange akasunungura wegamma mwaranzi, unonzi nemwaranzi. Iri izwi rinoreva nedanho ionizing, kuti iri rakapinza kubudikidza rinenge nemwaranzi. Somugumisiro ionization chokuzvisarudzira radicals vari kuumbwa anokonzera muhombe zvinyama kuparadzwa masero. Pane mutemo kupa makemikari zvinyama izvo kukunda. Asi nemwaranzi ruchigona kuunganidza pamusoro kwoupenyu hwose. Kwakasvibiswa nemwaranzi rinenge inonzi dzokupisa uye chirwere nokuda ichi, - nemwaranzi. Kune mhando mbiri nemwaranzi - zvokunze uye nechomukati, wechipiri zvinokwanisika deactivation nemwaranzi (mu mishonga diki). Kana pachena kuti aponese nzira kwokunze vasati vasikwa. The vanobatwa paChernobyl wokutanga vakafa kubva rikwanise nemwaranzi kurwara nekuda nechitarisiko chokupfeka. Kwokuomerwa nemwaranzi nezvemidzimu iri chokwadi kuti ane sei majini uye migumisiro chirwere kazhinji kukanganisa mwana murwere achiri. Saka, muna post-chirwere kazhinji kugadzirisa munhu siyana kuwedzera pakazvarwa vana siyana nemagene zvirwere. Uye vana, vakawirwa paChernobyl, akaberekwa liquidators uye vakashanyira Pripyat, kuti muenzaniso dzinotyisa.

Zvinokonzera njodzi

Njodzi pana paChernobyl akanga pashure nomuedzo zvashata muoti "Tikapapfuura". Kuita bvunzo akanga aronga panguva yacho reactor outage. April 25 kwaiva kutora nzvimbo akaronga rurege simba chechina chikwata. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kurambidza renyukireya maitiro - zvichiitika kunzwisisa zvikuru uye kwete aizvinzwisisa. Pano, kuti "Tikapapfuura" nzira akanga "zvemutambo" nokuti nguva wechina. yapfuura Kuedza All dzakaguma muna kukundikana zvakasiyana, asi ipapo rapanzvimbo kuedza vaiva duku zvikuru. Panyaya iyi, muitiro asingadi kuenda sezvo akaronga. The kuita haisi seiyi Sezvaitarisirwa, simba simba kusunungurwa zvisingadzorwi kwakawedzera, somugumisiro - kuchengeteka hurongwa haana kurarama. For 10 masekonzi pashure wokupedzisira chokunyevera simba vave aiparadza maitiro, uye kwave Kuputika dzakawanda akaparadza reactor.

The zvinokonzera chiitiko ichi ichiripo kudzidzwa. Kuongorora petsaona, Komisheni vakasvika pakugumisa kuti zvakanga zvakafanira kuti zvakakomba kutyorwa mirayiridzo chechitima netsvimbo. Vakasarudza kuitisa kumwe kuedza, pasinei zvose nyevero ngozi. Tevera kuferefeta zvakaratidza kuti rapanzvimbo njodzi angadai mushoma kana zviremera kuzvibata maererano kuchengeteka mitemo uye kana vakuru havasi glossed pamusoro chokwadi uye ngozi dambudziko.

Somugumisiro gare gare kuti reactor yakanga kugadzirira zvakakwana chawakaronga kuedza. Uyezve, pakati mudonzvo SERVICING kuti reactor haina dzakatangwa rinopindirana kusakarongeka kuti kudzivirira vashandi nhepfenyuro kumisa kuedza nguva. PaChernobyl, nhamba vanobatwa kuchiri yakaiswa, rava chiitiko chikuru nokuda renyukireya simba indasitiri munyika.

Events uye vabayire mazuva okutanga

Panguva iyo tsaona iri reactor yaiva vanhu vashoma. Vakaurayiwa rokutanga paChernobyl - chechitima vashandi vaviri. Mumwe angofiramo, muviri wake akanga asina kukwanisa dzokubvisa kubva pasi 130-savi ngwanda kunyange, wechipiri akafa kutsva mangwana. Panzvimbo moto rinokosha chairema vemoto akatumirwa. Pamusana zvavaiita moto rikaguma. Havana kurega moto kuenda simba rechitatu uye kudzivirira wanyanya. Asi 134 vanhu (vanunuri uye mudonzvo zviteshi) ndina guru dose nemwaranzi , uye vanhu 28 vakafa mishoma yakatevera. Pachake unodzivirira midziyo panguva vanunuri vaiva kanivhasi chimiro uye magiravhusi chete. Major L. Telyatnikov, uyo akatora pamusoro basa nomoto kurwa, vaiva kuvhiyiwa kuti mwongo nokuisazve, uye akamubatsira tipone. Muduku sei vatyairi motokari uye amburenzi mudonzvo, uyo akasvika apo vanunuri vaiva zviratidzo rikwanise mwaranzi kurwara. Dzivisa vawirwa izvi zvinogona kunge kana vanunuri kunyange zviridzwa kuyera nemwaranzi uye zvokutanga mishonga.

Zviito zviremera '

Rapanzvimbo njodzi vangadaro maduku kana kwete zviito zviremera uye vezvenhau. Mazuva maviri nemwaranzi Ongororo yokutanga chaiitirwa, uye vanhu vakaramba kugara Pripyat. Media haana kubvumirwa kutaura pamusoro tsaona, maawa 36 pashure petsaona akauya vaviri pfupi informational mashoko paterevhizheni. Uye vanhu vasiri nezvengozi nokutyisidzirwa, asingashandisi zvakakodzera deactivation chirwere. Kana nyika yose iri vachida kuona kuti mhepo kubva USSR muKiev vanhu vakatora kuna May Day vairatidzira. ruzivo zvose haisi kuziva kuputika yakatorwa semhosva, kunyange vanachiremba uye kuchengeteka vakuru zvakaitika uye kuti papi. Gare gare, zviremera takarurama vachiti havana kuda kuparadzira kutya. Mazuva mashomanana gare gare kubvisa vagari yacho. Asi kana zviremera zvakatanga kuita kwokutanga, vakawirwa paChernobyl, mufananidzo yakabuda vezvenhau mavhiki mashoma, angadai zvishoma zvikuru.

Disaster Relief

utachiona nharaunda kubvira pakutanga akanga cordoned kure uye akatanga chepuraimari ngozi kubviswa. The soro dose nemwaranzi vakagamuchira yokutanga 600 vemoto vakanga akatumirwa nemwaranzi deactivation. Ivo noushingi vaitamburira kuchengeta moto kubva pakuparadzira, uye kuti atangezve renyukireya zvakaitwa. Territory azadzwa musanganiswa chaiyo iyo kudziviswa kudziyisa yacho reactor. Kuitira kudzivisa kudzokororwa kudziyisa pamusoro reactor akanga abviswa mvura pasi zvakanzi vakachera mugero iyo waidzivirira pamusoro ingress nevazhinji yakanyungudutswa mumvura uye ivhu. Mumwedzi mishomanana, yakavakwa kumativi reactor sarcophagus ndokumisa dhamu achitevedza Pripyat River. Vanhu vaifamba kuenda paChernobyl, kazhinji haana kunzwisisa ngozi, panguva ino kwakanga yakawanda vanozvipira kuita munzvimbo yakachena-up. Vamwe vemifananidzo, kusanganisira Alla Pugacheva akapa Concerts pamberi liquidators.

Rapanzvimbo njodzi wechokwadi

Uwandu "liquidators" nguva basa iri vanhu vanenge zviuru 600. Ava, vanhu vanenge 60,000 vakafa, 200,000 vakaremadzwa. Kunyange zvazvo, maererano hurumende, paChernobyl vakatambudzwa, mapikicha rinogona kuoneka nhasi pamusoro Websites vakazvitsaurira kuna anorovera, takaita nhamba duku zvikuru, saka pamutemo vakafa zvinokonzerwa kuchaitwa kunozivikanwa kwemakore 20 dzinokwana vanhu 200. Pamutemo ne achisiya mapazi 30-kiromita nharaunda. Asi nyanzvi dzinoti njodzi nzvimbo iri yakakura uye inofukidza anopfuura 200 akaenzana makiromita.

Batsira vakaurayiwa paChernobyl

Hurumende akatora mutoro upenyu uye utano vakaurayiwa paChernobyl. Avo liquidated zvakazokonzerwa tsaona, vaigara uye vaishanda vari kubvisa mapazi, akaisa kubatsirwa, kusanganisira pensions, free Spa kurapwa, kurapwa. Asi chokwadi, makomborero aya vanenge setsa. Pashure pezvose, vanhu vakawanda vane kuti kudhura kunorapwa, nokuti icho mudyandigere zvakajeka kukwana. Uyezve, zvakanga zvakaoma kuwana category "Chernobylets". Izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti munyika uye kwenyika kwaiva masangano akawanda kuti vanobatanidzwa mukutsigira vakawirwa paChernobyl, pamwe mari yomupiro nevanhu, yakavakwa shongwe vakaurayiwa paChernobyl muna Bryansk, yaiitisa dzakawanda kushandiswa, makomborero inobhadharwa nekuhama vakafa.

chizvarwa chitsva "paChernobyl"

Kuwedzera kune chokuita zvakananga uye vakaurayiwa nenhamo inonzi "paChernobyl" vanobatwa nemwaranzi - vana liquidators navatorwa kubva utachiona nzvimbo. Pamutemo, iri paChernobyl pakati pechizvarwa wechipiri chikamu vana hakuvaki iri zvishoma kupfuura imwe nhamba pathologies mune dzimwe vagari Russia. Asi nhamba nyaya yakasiyana. Vana paChernobyl vanowanzoguma kutambura kubva majini zvirwere zvakadai syndrome, ndivo tichikurumidza zvirwere kenza.

paChernobyl nhasi

Mumwedzi mishomanana iri paChernobyl simba renyukireya chirimwa akaiswa kushanda. muna 2000 chete, wokuUkraine zviremera vasingachaiti ose reactors dzayo. Pamusoro reactor vakatanga kuvaka sarcophagus itsva muna 2012, akapedza kuvaka muna 2018. Nhasi, padanho nemwaranzi vari kudzingwa mapazi kwangoderera, asi yakakwirira zvakadaro 200 nguva pane kufadza bvumidzwa dose vanhu. In paChernobyl, apo kuramba mhuka kurarama, kukura zvinomera uye vanhu kuenda ikoko pamusoro revashanyi, pasinei nengozi chirwere, vamwe kunyange kunovhima ikoko uye kuunganidza howa uye michero, kunyange iri zvachose wairambidza. PaChernobyl vakatambudzwa, Photo utachiona nzvimbo havasi hunoshamisa vanhu ano, havasi kuziva ngozi nemwaranzi uye, naizvozvo, funga vachishanyira nzvimbo sezvo rainakidza.

The vanobatwa paChernobyl

Nhasi, dambudziko zvishoma nezvishoma ikaramba ichiserera kupinda kare, vose shoma vanhu kurangarira vakafa, vachifunga pamusoro vakaurayiwa. Kunyange zvazvo vakawanda paChernobyl iri kunetseka nezvirwere zvakakomba, vana vakaremara. Nhasi, kazhinji chete zuva ndangariro vakaurayiwa paChernobyl - 26 April uye vezvenhau anoita vanhu vanofunga nezvedambudziko.

Njodzi simba renyukireya munyika

Tsaona 20 uye 21 remakore, paChernobyl uye Fukushima simba renyukireya chirimwa ndikaisa mubvunzo unopinza nezvokukosha kunyatsotevera kuongorora kushandisa renyukireya. Nhasi anenge 15% of zvachose simba goho simba renyukireya chirimwa, asi nyika dzakawanda dziri kuronga kuwedzera mugove ichi. Sezvo achiri mumwe yakachipa pashiri uye zvikuru nzira magetsi kugadzirwa. PaChernobyl, apo tsaona akuvara yaiva chiyeuchidzo kungwarira, zvino kuonekwa sezvo kure kare. Asi kubva nguva tsaona nyika mberi vakachengetwa kwenyukireya.