Organic kemesitiri uye fizkolloidnaya: tsananguro, zvinangwa uye zvinhu

Fizkolloidnaya kemesitiri - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza mumuviri uye zvemakemikari zvivako zviri pamusoro mananara uye kupararira nehurongwa.

tsanangura

Fizkolloidnaya kemesitiri chokuita vakaparadzirwa gadziriro. Pasi pavo rakundwa kureva ezvinhu umo mumwe kana kupfuura zvinhu zviri vakapararira (ichiparara) nezviripo uremu rechipiri zvinhu. Danho anonzi sezvo muputswe vakapararira danho. The akapararira svikiro unonzi ezvinhu umo mune ichiparara chimiro ndicho discontinuous chokutambudzika.

Adsorption uye pamusoro zvakavapo

Fizkolloidnaya kemesitiri kufunga pamusoro mananara kuti kuitika inowanikwa kubva vakapararira hurongwa.

Pakati pavo tinoona:

• wetting;
• dzinongobuda makakatanwa;
• adsorption.

Chemical inoongorora Fizkolloidnaya inokosha hwokugadzira pezvakaitwa pamusoro tsvina uye mhepo yokunatsa, vapfume kuti zvicherwa, simbi nomoto, dziberekane hukawanika siyana, lubrication, kuchenesa hukawanika.

pamusoro makakatanwa

Organic kemesitiri uye fizkolloidnaya kutsanangura mananara kuitika panguva inowanikwa. We ongorora hurongwa randinogara negasi uye mvura. Per Morekuru, riri mukati hurongwa, kukwezvana mauto kuita kudivi pedyo mamorekuru. Per Morekuru, riri pamusoro pemvura, vane nezvaizoitwa simba, asi ivo havana ndanyarara hangu.

Chikonzero ndechokuti mune gaseous mamiriro daro pakati mamorekuru yakakura simba zvakakwana ndiye anenge usingashandi. The womukati kumanikidzwa kuedza sungisa kudzama emura mamorekuru, zvichiguma compression.

Kuumba idzva pamusoro inowanikwa Somuenzaniso, muna Munotatamura firimu, zvinokosha kuita basa pamusoro pezviri kumanikidzwa. Pakati rakadini simba uye dzomunyika aomerwa zvakananga ukama chiripo. The simba iri kusimbiswa ari mamorekuru riri pana pemvura, mumwe pemvura akasununguka simba anonzi.

Kunyatsogona wethermodynamics

Huru mabasa fizkolloidnoy kemisitiri inosanganisira kuverenga pamusoro thermodynamic equations. Zvichienderana nezvinoita mubvunzo, tinogona kuona mukana wayo vaingoerekana kuwanika.

Nokuda thermodynamic kusagadzikana kuyerera gadziriro pezvakaitwa izvo chokuita akawedzera nezvimedu, achiperekedzwa zvinoderedza inowanikwa.

Zvikonzero shanduko thermodynamic ezvinhu

Zvii sei pamusoro makakatanwa?

Chekutanga zvose zvakakosha anoratidza yezvakaita fuma. The pemvura Makakatanwa ndiyo akarondedzera zviri yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa kutotanga zvakananga. By kuwedzera polarity iri fuma kunoitika makakatanwa mauto kuwedzera.

Mamiriro inowanikwa kunokanganisa Pasika uye kupisa. Kana zvibereko kuderera pafuma ehondo kuita pakati wacho inoramba.

Wevasungwa zviri zvinhu zvazvichanyungudutswa pabvunzo fluid uyewo kunokanganisa mamiriro munhu thermodynamic hurongwa.

Pane mhando mbiri zvinhu. TID (pamusoro-akaneta zvinhu) kuwedzera kwakakura makakatanwa chemhinduro ichienzaniswa dzakanakira solvent. zvinhu kwakadaro electrolytes simba. Surfactants (pamusoro vanoshingaira yomuchipatara) kuderedza kukura kusungika panguva inowanikwa iri zvichiguma mhinduro. By kuwedzera zvinhu izvi zviri inotoda wakacherechedza, wevasungwa ravo pose paiva mumushonga. Polar Organic yeimwe vari acids, alcohols. Ivo rinoumbwa polar mapoka (amino, carboxyl, hydroxo) uye nonpolar yeHydrocarbon cheni.

sorption Features

Fizkolloidnaya kemesitiri (ITA) rinosanganisira chikamu maringe sorption kwendangariro. Adsorption - inofanira kwatangwa kuchinja penyika rukoko yamarudzi wevasungwa pakureva chitsama avo Pasika vhoriyamu.

The adsorbent iri venhumbi achaendeswa pamusoro pechiso kunayisa. Adsorbate - imwe pfuma aigona deposition. Adsorbate - kunokurumidziswa zvinhu. Desorption - a neizvi chirongwa adsorption.

mhando sorption

Mudzidzisi fizkolloidnoy Chemistry anotaura pamusoro maviri mhando adsorption. Kana muviri mhute deposition ane mugove ane zviduku simba rakawanda riri akafanana kupisa condensation. Izvi ndizvo reversible. adsorption Izvi zvinoderedza tembiricha kuwedzera anowedzera kumhanya ari neizvi muitiro (desorption).

Makemikari adsorption iri kusingarapiki musimboti, pachiso pasina adsorbate uye pemvura akakura. In chemisorption kupisa yakakwirira, zviri kuenderana ukuru mureza enthalpy pakati inotungamirwa. With kuwedzera tembiricha kunowedzera chemisorption indekisi kunowedzera kudyidzana pakati zvinhu.

Somuenzaniso isu nezvokuparara adsorption reokisijeni chemisorption of simbi pemvura kubva mumhepo, izvozvo anoongorora fizkolloidnaya kemisitiri. The mabasa uye negadziriso zvinowanzobatanidzwa Makakatanwa ukoshi kutsunga kutoitika panguva inowanikwa pakati nhau mbiri.

To quantitatively kurondedzera raidudzwa adsorption, shandisa Mhedziso adsorption. Inoratidza chitsama adsorbate (mu mol) paminiti chikwata nharaunda dzakatorwa adsorbent. In fizkolloidnoy Chemistry zvirongwa zvinosanganisira quantitative Kutsunga ukoshi ichi.

Zvinoitwa adsorbents

Kwomuviri Colloid Chemistry anonyatsoteerera kuti kuongorora mhando adsorbents vavo kushanda. Zvichienderana kukura adsorbent pamusoro, zvimwe zvakasiyana rakawanda adsorbed zvinhu. Chinonyanya zvibereko adsorbents kuwana zvinhu kuva dzakabudirira pamusoro: colloids, Nezvakakuyiwa, porous reagents.

Sezvo zvinhu quantitative unhu adsorbents secrete dzakananga pamusoro nzvimbo uye porosity. Chokutanga ukoshi inoratidza nhamba kurema adsorbent pamusoro. The maitiro yechipiri achipfeka zvinoitwa ayo mamiriro.

In colloid kemesitiri musiyano zviviri adsorbents. Non-porous fuma vakasikwa yakasimba nezvimedu dzichiumbwa porous chivakwa "upfu diaphragm" pamwe batana chiputiriso. Chero zvikamu pakati pavo kuita pakati sejecha fuma. The mamiriro zvingava micro- kana macroporous marongerwo. Porous adsorbents zvivako kuti akaumbwa tsanga ane womukati porosity.

In mumuviri kemesitiri chinotaura pamusoro characterization kuti zvinonyadzisa gadziriro. Ndivo upfu nziyo dziri aumba kubva zviyo kana upfu iri zvenzara yavo gobvu chiputiriso iri kumicheto. The zvichiguma hurongwa vane mamwe maitiro thermodynamic, pakudzidza chiri chikuru chinhu fizkolloidnoy kemisitiri.

Pane urongwa chikwata (kufungisisa yezvakaita adsorptive) pamusoro Ionic, samolecular, colloidal adsorption. Molecular muitiro chokuita zvinogadzirisa kusimba electrolytes kana dielectrics. It kunoitika adsorption pakati solutes pamusoro pemvura yakasimba adsorbent.

Part yezviri nzvimbo pamusoro adsorbent pamusoro inogarwa solvent mamorekuru. Nokufamba pakati deposition kwacho uye adsorptive solvent mamorekuru vanoita vakwikwidzi.

mhedziso

Kwomuviri Colloid Chemistry vari munzvimbo inokosha wekemisitiri. Vanotsanangura dzinokosha pezvakaitwa zvichiitika mhinduro kubvumira Masvomhu kwazvo kupisa chaibwinya (Wakanyura) pakugadzirwa itsva zvinhu. The inokosha mutemo inoshandiswa kuita quantitative Masvomhu, ndiwo mutemo Hess. It chinobatanidza wandei thermodynamic maitiro yokusafa zvinhu: enthalpy, entropy, simba. The thermodynamic Chiito inotungamirwa kunzwisisa yeimwe kubva nyore (kutanga) zvinoriumba anogona kunzi pamutemo Hess. Masvomhu kuti tikwanise kuona kunyatsoshanda acho.