Oksidiy.Soleobrazuyuschie oxides uye nesoleobrazuyuschie

Oxides vari kunzwisisa zvinhu, rine zvinhu zviviri, mumwe iyo - yakachena yechipiri oxidation wehurumende.

In makemikari mabhuku Nomenclature oxides vanoomerera mitemo zvinotevera:

1. Paainyorera Masvomhu okisijeni iri nguva dzose isa panzvimbo yechipiri - NO, Cao.
2. Calling oxides, pakutanga nguva dzose kushandisa shoko oxide, pashure ari genitive chinhu zita wechipiri: Báo - barium oxide, K₂O - potassium oxide.
3. Kana kana chinhu unogadza zvakawanda oxides pashure zita raro mumabhuraketi anoratidza kuti oxidation mamiriro ari chinhu, semuenzaniso N₂O₅ - nitric oxide (V), Fe₂O₃ - simbi oxide (II), Fe₂O₃ - simbi oxide (III).
4. Calling Inonyanya oxides hazvo zvakafanira ukama maatomu por Morekuru sezviverengo ratidzai tsamba Greek: N₂O - dinitrogen oxide, NO₂ - senitrogen dioxide, N₂O₅ - dinitrogen pentoxide, NO - senitrogen monoxide.
5. Inorganic asidhi anhydrides zviri chinodiwa kuzodana sezvaiitwa oxides (semuenzaniso, N₂O₅ - nitric oxide (V)).

Oxides kunogona kuwanikwa nenzira dzakasiyana:

1. Kuita pamwe okisijeni nyore zvinhu. Simple zvinhu zviri oxidized pasi kudziyisa kazhinji kusunungura kupisa uye chiedza. Izvi zvinonzi unopfuta
   C + O₂ = CO₂
2. Nokuda oxidation kunzwisisa zvinhu vakawana oxides kwezvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana zviri zvinosanganisirwa Kuronga yokutanga zvinhu:
   2H₂S + 3O₂ = 2 2 H₂O + SO₂
3. manyowa of nitrates, hydroxides, carbonates:
   2Cu (NO₃) ₂ = 2CuO + 4NO₂ + O₂
   CaCO₃ = Cao + CO₂
   Bv (OH) ₂ = CuO + H₂O
4. Somugumisiro oxidation pamusoro oxides nezvimwe zvinhu zvesimbi. Similar siyana zvaiva hwaro metallothermy - kuzoita simbi kubva oxides yavo zvikuru kushingaira simbi:
   2Al + Cr₂O₃ = 2Cr ± Al₂O₃
5. By manyowa kuvakuru oxides kana oxidation repasi:
   4CrO₃ = 2Cr₂O₃ + 3O₃
   4FeO + O₂ = 2Fe₂O₃
   4CO + O₂ = 2CO₂

Kupatsanura inobva oxides dzavo namakemikari zvivako aireva nokupesana yavo munyu-nokuumba oxides uye nesoleobrazuyuschie (hanya). Salt-nokuumba oxides, akavapindurawo, rakakamurwa acidic, chikuru uye amphoteric.

Huru oxides dzinoenderana chawo. Somuenzaniso, Na₂O, Cao, MgO - dzinokosha oxides, sezvo anoenderana nechigadziko - NaOH, Ca (OH) ₂, MG (OH) ₂. Vamwe oxides (K₂O uye Cao) nyore sei nemvura uye kuumba dzazvinogara chawo:

Cao + H₂O = Ca (OH) ₂

K₂O + H₂O = 2KOH

Oxides pamusoro Fe₂O₃, CuO, Ag₂O nemvura handifaniri, asi inouraya iri neutralized apo vaiona zvinokosha:

Fe₂O₃, + 6HCl = 2FeCl₃ + 3H₂OCuO + H₂SO₄ + H₂O

Ag₂O + 2HNO₃ = 2AgNO₃ + H₂O

Typical makemikari ehupfumi iyi mhando oxides - zvavave pamwe acids, semubairo iyo, sezvo mutemo, yakabereka mvura uye munyu:

FeO + 2HCl = FeCl₂ + H₂O

Basic oxides vanoita pamwe acidic oxides:

Cao + CO₂ = CaCO₃.

Acidic oxides enderana acids Somuenzaniso, oxide N₂O₃ anoenderana nitric iine acid HNO₂, Cl₂O₇ - perchloric acid, HClO₄, SO₃ - sulfuric asidhi H₂SO₄.

Huru makemikari pfuma oxides kwakadaro hwavo maitiro nezvigadziko vakaumba munyu uye mvura:

2NaOH + CO₂ = NaCO₃ + H₂O

Most acidic oxides vakaitei nemvura, achiumba unoenderana acid. Panguva iyoyowo SiO₂ oxide zvachose insoluble nemvura, asi zvichaita neutralize nechigadziko, naizvozvo, chinhu chine acidic oxide:

2NaOH + SiO₂ = (Fusion) Na₂siO₃ + H₂O

Amphoteric oxides - oxides ndechokuti zvichienderana ezvinhu anoratidza acidic uye zvinokosha zvivako, i.e., nokuda kuita pamwe acids azviite dzinokosha oxides, uye maitiro nezvigadziko - sezvo acid.

Havasi vose amphoteric oxides anosangana zvakafanana nezvigadziko uye acids. Vamwe vane zvakawanda raidudzwa zvinokosha ehupfumi, vamwe - acidic.

Kana zingi oxide kana chromium zvakafanana zvaanoita pamwe acids uye nezvigadziko, ipapo oxide Fe₂O₃ dzinokosha ehupfumi vakawanda.

The ehupfumi pamusoro amphoteric oxides ZnO vari kunoenzanisirwa muenzaniso uyu:

ZnO + 2HCl = ZnCl₂ + H₂O

ZnO + 2NaOH = Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂O

Nesoleobrazuyuschie oxides hatuzoumbiki kana acids kana zvigadziko (somuenzaniso, N₂O, NO).

Uyezve, havafaniri kupa siyana zvakafanana avo munyu-zvichiumba oxides. Nesoleobrazuyuschie oxides vanogona sei pamwe acids kana alkalies, asi regai kuumba zvigadzirwa kuti anowanzoramba munyu-nokuumba oxides, akadai 150⁰S uye 1.5 MPa CO zvaanoita pamwe yavaibvisa hydroxide chokuumba munyu - yavaibvisa Formate:

CO + NaOH = HCOONa

Nesoleobrazuyuschie oxides rasprostranenіy haana sevanoshamira mamwe marudzi oxides vari kuumbwa, kunyanya chokuita divalent nonmetals.