Chikuru quantum nhamba sezvo huru chinoratidza mamiriro ari Erekitironi

Imwe nzvimbo inokosha mune zvesayenzi maonero enyika ano anotora Yaunoti quantum dzidziso. Zvinonzi inobva pfungwa yokuti simba Isimba rakadini rinogona kubudiswa muna Erekitironi, zvinokwanisika kuverenga, sezvo mutengo wayo chete anogona kutora pane dzimwe tsika. Panyaya iyi, rinokosha mugumisiro mamiriro ichi zvinhu ndiyo mhedziso kuti mamiriro ane Erekitironi pane imwe nguva inogona yakarondedzerwa kutaridza quantitative zviratidzi - quantum nhamba.

Dzinonetsa dzidziso iyi ndiyo wechikoro quantum nhamba. Izwi iri rinoshandiswa wefizikisi ano inonzi quantitative chipimo, maererano izvo chipo mamiriro Erekitironi ndezvaMwari imwe simba pamwero. Energy pamwero, akavapindurawo, iri kutaridza orbitals, musiyano iri simba pakati kukosha iyo yakaderera chaizvo.

It anotevera nourongwa uhwu, mukuru quantum nhamba anogona kuva mumwe zvakanaka integers. Muchiitiko chino, zviri zvinokosha imwe chokwadi. Zvechokwadi, pane zvakaitika kuchinjwa kuva Erekitironi kuti rakasiyana simba pamwero chikuru quantum nhamba fanira kuchinja kukosha kwayo. Pano zvakakodzera kuzochera kwakafanana pamwe Niels Bohr womuenzaniso, apo pane kuchinja kubva zvokutanga nezvimedu kubva muchadenga nomumwe, zvichiguma akasunungurwa kana takabatikana vamwe simba rakawanda.

Chikuru quantum nhamba wakabatana zvakananga orbital quantum nhamba. The ndechokuti chero simba pamwero haisi yunifomu zvakasikwa uye rinosanganisira orbitals wandei. Vaya vakanga vane simba ukoshi kuumba yoga sublayer. Kuti uzive kuti chii sublayer zvinoshanda chete kana mumwe orbital, uye kushandisa pfungwa "orbital quantum nhamba." Kuverenga chinofanira kuva kubva huru quantum nhamba Bvisa chikwata. Zvino vose dzinongoitika nhamba kubva razero kusvikira parameter ichi uye chichava orbital quantum nhamba.

Chinonyanya kukosha kushanda quantitative unhu ndechokuti anogona kubatsira kwete chete Erekitironi kuwirirana ane kupiwa sublayer, asi kunoratidzwa kubva trajectory kufamba pakati zvokutanga inoramba. Saka, nenzira, uye tsamba orbitals kuti kare anozivikanwa kubva chikoro kemisitiri kosi: s, D, peji, g, f.

Chimwe chinokosha chakanangana Erekitironi nezvetsika ndiyo rinobva quantum nhamba. Its chikuru mumuviri rinoreva rinofanira akatsanangura fungidziro of chisina kutsetseka tichimhanya noruremekedzo kuti mirayiridzo coinciding mirayiridzo remagineti. Mune mamwe manzwi, zvinokosha kusiyanisa maerekitironi kuti rwugare orbital quantum nhamba ndiyo chete.

The rinobva quantum nhamba dzingasiyana 2l + 1, apo L - ari quantitative chakanangana orbital quantum nhamba. Uyezve voga uye zvakare rinobva kuruka nhamba, izvo chinodiwa kuti munguva quantum ehupfumi kuti zvokutanga inoramba yakachena chimiro. Kuruka - hazvina kufanana chisina kutsetseka tichimhanya, izvo zvinogona kuenzaniswa vachishandisa kutenderera Erekitironi kunhivi yayo zvekufungidzira akabatana.