Dzinongoitika nhamba

Number - ndiyo husingaoneki pfungwa. Ndivo quantitative zvechadenga chinhu, uye varipo chaiko, zvakaringana, kunaka integers uye zvikamu zviduku, uyewo dzinongoitika.

Natural nhamba yaiwanzoshandiswa kwenguva, umo panomuka sezvingatarisirwa inoratidza nhamba. Kusvika pakuziva mamakisi ako kunotanga muduku. Chokwadi shamisa mbudzana akapukunyuka schitalok, izvo chete akashandisa zvinhu zvakasikwa nhoroondo? "Mumwe, vaviri, vatatu, vana, shanu ... Bunny Out famba!" kana "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, mambo akasarudza kuti ini yokuturika ..."

Nokuti chero dzinongoitika nhamba angawana mumwe, zvakawanda izvozvo. Izvi seti kakawanda runotaurwa tsamba N, uye dzinofanira kuzokurukurwa sezvo magumo yakananga kuwedzera. Asi pakutanga yakatarwa ari - ari chimwe. Kunyange zvazvo paine French dzinongoitika nhamba, umo yakatarwa kunosanganisira uyewo razero. Asi huru dzakasiyana zvinhu uye kuti, uye mumwe yakatarwa ndechokuti hadzisi kune zvikamu zviduku kana akaipa nhamba.

The kudikanwa recalculation zvakasiyana-siyana dzakatangira prehistoric nguva. Zvadaro anofungidzirwa akaumba pfungwa "rwokuzvarwa nhamba". inotungamirwa Its kwakaitika yose munhu nyika muitiro kuchinja, kukura zvesainzi.

Zvisinei, chinyakare murume aigona kunyange kufunga chinobatsira. Vakanga zvakaoma kunzwisisa, chii vanhuwo pfungwa ye "vavhimi vatatu" kana "miti vatatu". Saka, imwe tsanangudzo aishandiswa apo chaiyo nhamba yevanhu, uye kana imi kutaridzwa zvakafanana akasiyana zvinhu mhando - zvakasiyana chaizvo tsananguro.

Uye nhamba mutsetse yakanga pfupi chaizvo. Mariri kwaingova nhamba 1 uye 2, uye hwakaguma nhoroondo pfungwa "zvizhinji", "boka", "boka", "murwi".

Gare gare vakaumba kupfuura mberi bhiri, kare vakwanise. An dzinonakidza ndechokuti paiva nhamba mbiri chete - 1 uye 2, uye nhamba dzinotevera avapo nokuwedzera nechekare.

Mienzaniso iyi vaiva hwakawanda huripo ruzivo pamusoro kusanganiswa nhamba yorudzi Australian Murray River. Ivo 1 rinomirira shoko "Enza", uye 2 - shoko "petcheval". Number 3 saka kwainge "petcheval-Enza", uye 4 - kwakafanana "petcheval-petcheval".

Vazhinji vanhu mureza nhoroondo aibvuma minwe. Pakuzadzisa chaihwoihwo pfungwa "rwokuzvarwa nhamba" Aenda nzira nokushandisa notches ari rutanda. Zvino zvakava zvakakodzera kureva gumi zvimwe vatambi. vanhu Ancient yedu nzira - vakatanga kushandisa imwe tsvimbo pairi notches dzakaitwa, achiratidza takatopinda.

Kugona kuridza nhamba akawedzera zvikuru pamwe veMubatanidzwa kunyora. Pakutanga, nhamba dashes ichifananidzwa pamahwendefa evhu kana nhokwe, asi zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kushandiswa pakunyora mamwe mifananidzo vazhinji. Saka paiva sezviverengo Roman.

Zvikuru yakazonzi ari sezviverengo Arabic, iro avhura zvinoita nhamba dziri zviduku akagadzirwa vatambi. Nhasi hakuna kuoma kunyora hombe nhamba dzakadai chinhambwe pakati mapuraneti uye nhamba yenyeredzi. Zvakakosha kuti kudzidza kushandisa masimba.

Euclid mu 3rd remakore BC, mubhuku "Zvinoumba" anogadza husingaperi akagadzirwa nhamba of times. Uye Archimedes mu "imbwa" anoratidza nheyo chokuvaka mazita pamadiro vazhinji. Zvinenge kuti pakati remakore rechi19 pamberi vanhu handina kusimuka kudiwa Pfungwa yakajeka yokuti "rwokuzvarwa nhamba". Kutsunga akatora chimiro axiomatic kwemasvomhu nzira.

Zvino 70s remakore rechi19 Georg Cantor akagadzira mumwe tsanangudzo zvepanyama nhamba yakajeka, kwakavakirwa pfungwa yakatarwa. Zvino tinoziva kuti dzinongoitika nhamba - zviri integers zvose kubva 1 kusvika kusaverengeka. Vana vaduku, zvichiita danho rokutanga rokuziva Kunyatsoziva mambokadzi zvose sayenzi - masvomhu - vari kutanga kudzidza nhamba idzi.