Electrolysis mhinduro: tsananguro, kushandiswa

Akadana electrolysis muitiro, inozivikanwa redox ehupfumi munyika aremekedzwe constituent zvinhu munyu uye nezvimwe yeimwe vaivapo muna uchanyangadika kana mhinduro, nokuisa Magetsi kuburikidza navo.

Pachishandiswa electrolysis angabudiswa nesimbi uye nonmetals, dzinoratidzwa anokudzwa kwemakemikari kutsvinda. Izvi zvakaitwa kunoratidzwa nyore uye Accessibility, zviri kunyange zvinogoneka zvinoedza pamba. Izvi zvinoda ndimo kugara Magetsi, peya electrodes uye electrolyte vakagadzirira kare. The inokosha kuchiitwa electrolytes wavo kukwanisa kuitisa magetsi iyezvino.

Kusiyanisa electrolysis kuti magadzirisiro ndokuzvinyausa pamusoro munyu, pane imwe zvachose kufananidzwa vane zvinoverengeka zvinokosha kusiyana. Kuita electrolysis pakati zvinogadzirisa, unofanira kufunga pokuita kwacho uye solvent ions. Electrolysis pamusoro Unonyunguduka kunoratidzwa pamberi chete pafuma ions.

Kuti tiwane zvinodiwa chigadzirwa (kana simbi, gasi, kana chero asiri-metal) kuti vatarisire kusarudzwa akakodzera electrode uye gadziriro nhengo electrolyte.

Mashoko nokuti electrode anogona kushanda kana nemunhu ane Magetsi. Kazhinji, kushandisa nesimbi, alloys, pakati nonmetal zvakanaka kuita somunhu electrode anogona kuratidza graphite tsvimbo (kabhoni). zvisingawanzoitiki chaizvo, asi zvizivikanwe kwezvinhu zvinogadzirisa, umo mashoko nokuda electrodes vari zvokunwa.

Zvose zvagadzirwa aite electrolysis yomunyu mhinduro. The akanaka electrode inonzi anode. Nokuti kunaka electrode wakatorwa rokuti - the cathode. Kuburikidza electrolysis mhinduro, imwe anode oxidized (ichiputswa), uye cathode anomutswa. Zvakakosha kuti "kuparadzwa" pamusoro anode hapana zvainoita makemikari kwacho kuti anowanika mune mhinduro (uchanyauka). Zvikasadaro - anokosha ezvinhu nokuda anode chiri inertness. Zvakanakisa, izvozvo zvinogona kuitwa Platinum, asi graphite (kabhoni) anodes zvakare chaizvo.

Nokuti cathode zvichaita kukodzera chero simbi yairema (hazvizorevi nyunguduka). Copper, nendarira, carbon (graphite), zingi, simbi, aruminiyamu cathodes vari zvinowanzoshandiswa indasitiri ano.

Kuburikidza electrolysis zvingaitwa mumba, kubva raishanda chinyorwa zvinhu zvinogona kuwanikwa zvinhu zvakadai okisijeni, kuiisa chlorine, rehydrogen, mhangura, kana alkali simba acid, nesarufa. Regai vanokanganisa kuedza kuiisa chlorine - zviri muchetura!

Nokuti kugadzirwa okisijeni uye rehydrogen anofanira pasi electrolysis mhinduro kuti kubikira pasoda (nzira - pasoda dota). Pedyo electrode "+" (anode) iri voga muchimiro matema okisijeni iri cathode ( "-") - rehydrogen. On mubvunzo wokuti nei rehydrogen kupora kwakaitika pane yavaibvisa sezvo kwaizoratidzwa vaifungidzira mhinduro inogona kuwanikwa: dzinoti Na simbi kushushikana akasara H2 ukuwo, ari makwikwi maviri cations rehydrogen akakundwa yavaibvisa. In muenzaniso uyu kuita, takaona electrolysis mhinduro, chokwadi, ikava pakati electrolysis pamusoro solvent (mvura).

Achishandisa sezvo electrolyte huchapedza yemhangura sulfate, tinowana panguva cathode kwasviba tsvuku Dombo, inova wakachena simbi, achapora mhangura.

Maererano migumisiro kuedza maviri electrolysis anogona kuita zvimwe kunanga. Positive anode inova nzvimbo kuzoita anions, mune pamusoro apa zvose vaiona, zvikazooneka kuti oxygen. Panguva cathode, nekuona kuti cations rehydrogen akaratidza mu kuedza kwedu - mumutsetse wokutanga, mhangura - yechipiri. Kazhinji, asi cations vari simbi kana rehydrogen, asi mune zvimwe zviitiko varege kutendeuka kubva kuva vasiri simbi uye magasi. The oxidation ezvinhu ari chinhu inoita basa rinokosha mune kupora kwacho.