Chii carbon monoxide? samolecular mamiriro

carbon monoxide, aizivikanwawo carbon monoxide, ane simba chaizvo samolecular chimiro, ndiyo inert kuti zvemakemikari zvivako uye ari kusvibisa soluble mumvura. remubatanidzwa Izvi zvakare zvikuru chepfu kana kusunungurwa kupinda kufema gadziriro zvakabatana ropa Chizenga, uye kuti usingacharovi kuchinjwa okisijeni kuti nyama uye nhengo dzomuviri.

Chemical zita uye mutoo

Carbon monoxide aizivikanwawo nemamwe mazita, kusanganisira carbon monoxide II. Muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kakawanda anonzi carbon monoxide. Ichi carbon monoxide ndiyo ine uturu gasi, Hauoneki uye shata, odorless. Its makemikari nzira - CO, uye mukanyiwa mumwe chete morekuru 28,01 g / mol.

Zvinoitika pamuviri

Carbon monoxide anosunga kuti Chizenga kuti aumbe carboxyhemoglobin iyo isina okisijeni akatakura chinzvimbo. Inhalation kuti mhute kunokonzera CNS kukuvara (nechepakati tsinga), uye kutadza kufema. The zvichiguma kushaya okisijeni kunokonzera nemusoro, dzungu, ungaderedza kwemwoyo uye respiratoria, zvichitungamirira kufenda kwaizotevera rufu nhengo.

chepfu gasi

Carbon monoxide zvinoberekwa haasaruri combustion kuti zvinhu zvine kabhoni, dzakadai munyika combustion injini. The remubatanidzwa 1 rinosanganisira kabhoni atomu covalently akasungwa mumwe yakachena atomu. Carbon monoxide zvikuru chepfu, uye ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvakafanana zvinokonzera dzinouraya chepfu yose. Kuonana kungaita kuti kukuvara mwoyo uye nedzimwe nhengo.

Chii kushandiswa carbon monoxide?

Pasinei kwayo chakakomba toxicity, carbon monoxide zvikuru kubatsira - Vongai yazvino kwayo kuumba zvakawanda rose zvinhu zvinokosha. Carbon monoxide kunyange nhasi iri vaitirei contaminant nguva dzose aripo zvakasikwa, asi kwete mari akadai Somuenzaniso, carbon dioxide.

Makarasika avo vanotenda kuti hakuna kubatana kwakaita carbon monoxide zvakasikwa. CO zvazvichanyungudutswa yakaumbwa padombo kuputika panguva dzakakwirira zvinonetsa panyika echiBuddha. Zviri kabhoni oxides mu kuputika magasi zvichisiyana asingasviki 0.01% 2%, zvichienderana kuputika kwegomo. Sezvo dzinongoitika remubatanidzwa ichi haisi kugara ukoshi, kuti zvakarurama uyere negasi choutsi hazvibviri.

mushonga ehupfumi

Carbon monoxide (CO payakavakirwa) chokuita nesoleobrazuyuschim kana hanya oxides. Zvisinei, pane imwe tembiricha kuti +200 ^O C nayo zvaanoita pamwe yavaibvisa hydroxide. Panguva iyi kwemakemikari kwacho ndiko paumbwe yavaibvisa Formate:

NaOH + CO = HCOONa (formic iine acid munyu).

Properties ose carbon monoxide yakavakirwa kushinga kwayo. Carbon monoxide:

• inogona vakaita pamwe okisijeni: 2co + O ₂ = 2VaK _2;
• inokwanisa kuita pamwe halogens: CO + Cl ₂ = COCl ₂ (phosgene);
• Rine rakasiyana pfuma wokugadzirisa simbi yakachena kubva oxides dzavo: Fe ₂ O ₃ + 3CO = 2Fe + 3CO _2;
• vanoumba simbi carbonyls: Fe + 5CO = Fe (CO ) _5;
• zvakakwana soluble muna chloroform, acetic acid, panyaya iyi, benzene uye Ammonium hydroxide.

The nemamiriro Morekuru

maatomu maviri iyo, chokwadi, iri morekuru carbon monoxide (CO), zvakabatana chisungo katatu. Vaviri vavo inoumbwa kubatanidzwa nomumwe S.-maerekitironi of kabhoni maatomu pamwe oxygen, uye wechitatu - kunokwana rinokosha mashandiro nokuda vakasununguka kabhoni 2p orbital uye 2p-Erekitironi yegwara okisijeni. maumbirwo ichi inopa morekuru soro simba.

A Nhoroondo shoma

Aristotle kweGirisi yekare akatsanangura chepfu chiutsi zvinoberekwa zimbe. The chaizvo mashandiro yorufu yakanga isingazivikanwi. Zvisinei, mumwe akakwegura nzira chirango chakanga nokukiya vachinetsana pamurayiro hwemvura mukamuri, apo kumazimbe vaiva. Chiremba Greek Galen akataura kuti mudenga pane vamwe kuchinja kuti kukuvadza kana inhaled.

MuHondo Yenyika II, gasi musanganiswa pamwe netsvina carbon monoxide, raishandiswa senzira huni motokari munzvimbo iwayo enyika, apo paiva shoma peturu uye Diesel mafuta. zvekunze (vamwe anosiyiwa) emagetsi marasha kana huni gasi dzakatangwa, asi musanganiswa mumhepo senitrogen, carbon monoxide, uye uwandu mamwe magasi nechikoro kuti gasi chisanganiso diki. Izvi zvakanga vanonzi huni gasi.

The oxidation pamusoro carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide anogadzirwa haasaruri oxidation pamusoro carbonaceous yeimwe. CO aumbwa kana kukwana okisijeni kubereka carbon dioxide inobvisa (CO _{2) Somuenzaniso,} panguva kushanda mevira kana womukati injini imwe akanyudzwa nzvimbo. Kana okisijeni aripo, uyewo zvimwe mumhepo Kuwanda carbon monoxide kutsva, zvichiratidza chiedza zvitema, achiumba carbon dioxide, rinozivikanwa carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide zvinowanzodavirwa kushandiswa kusvikira kuma1960 remakore rapfuura kuti mukati chiedza zvivako, kubika uye kudziyisa, akanga ane chikamu mafuta ari chikamu chokutanga. Vamwe pezvakaitwa mune michina yemazuva ano dzakadai simbi simbi vachiri berekai carbon monoxide somunhu byproduct. The Kubatana pacharwo CO iri oxidized kuti Co ₂ pa nzvimbo tembiricha.

Pane imwe CO zvakasikwa?

Kana pane carbon monoxide zvakasikwa? Mumwe wake rwokuzvarwa kwakabva zvinyorwa zviri photochemical chinja ari troposphere. azvaiitwa ineshongedzo kuti kukwanisa vaunze vanenge 5 × ¹⁰ December makirogiramu nevasori mae; oday. Chimwe manyuko, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, zviri kuputika kwemakomo, dondo moto uye mamwe marudzi combustion.

samolecular ehupfumi

Carbon monoxide ane matadza guru 28,0, izvo zvinoita zvishoma zvishoma gobvu pane mhepo. Bond urefu pakati maatomu maviri - 112,8 micrometers. Zviri pedyo zvakakwana kupa mumwe akasimba namakemikari zvisungo. zvinhu zvose zvine chokuita CO panyaya 10 maerekitironi ari Valence goko mumwe.

Sezvo kutonga, makemikari carbonyl kungatowedzera pane mbiri chisungo. A maitiro chepfungwa CO morekuru zvinoitika pakati maatomu simba nekatatu chisungo akaudzawo maerekitironi vane 6 3 chokuita samolecular orbitals. Kubvira mana yakagovana maerekitironi kubva okisijeni atomu kuchibva uye 2 chete kubva kabhoni, mumwe inogarwa vaviri chokuita orbital maerekitironi pakati O _2, pova dipole kana dative chisungo. Izvi zvinokonzera C ← O polarization pamusoro mamorekuru vane mhosva duku "-" pamusoro kabhoni uye mhosva duku "+" pamusoro oxygen.

The yasara kuyeuka orbitals maviri inogarwa munhu mhosva PARTICIPLE pamusoro kabhoni uye mumwe okisijeni. The morekuru asymmetric: okisijeni ine mukuru Erekitironi arambe achirema pane kabhoni uye chiri zvishoma chokwadi mhosva, tichienzanisa zvakaipa kabhoni.

mutambo

In indasitiri, kuwana carbon monoxide CO voitakura kuburikidza muchidziisa carbon dioxide inobvisa pasina kuwana mhepo kana mvura mhute pamwe marasha:

CO ₂ + C = 2co;

H ₂ O + C = CO + H _2.

The yokupedzisira kunonziwo zvichiguma musanganiswa yaiva chiutsi kana kwetunhu gasi. Under Murabhoritari mamiriro, carbon monoxide II nokuda yacho makemikari asidhi nekutsvaga sulfuric acid, iyo anoita somunhu dehydrating mumiririri:

HCOOH = CO + H ₂ O;

H ₂ C ₂ O ₄ = CO ₂ + H ₂ O.

Huru Zviratidzo uye rubatsiro CO chepfu

Anoita carbon monoxide chepfu? Hongu, uye simba kwazvo. Carbon monoxide chepfu ndicho chakajairika rose. Rakajairika zviratidzo ndiwo:

• kunzwa simba;
• svoto;
• dzungu;
• nekuneta;
• kugumbuka;
• murombo havi;
• kurwadziwa nemusoro;
• nekuvhiri- ngika;
• madzerere;
• kurutsa;
• kufenda;
• nokugwinha.

Kuonana uku hunokachidza gasi kunogona kukonzera chinokosha kukuvara, izvo kazhinji vanogona kutungamirira refu chirwere pathological ezvinhu. Carbon monoxide anokwanisa kukonzera chakakomba kuvadza mudumbu romukadzi ane pamuviri. Vakatambudzwa, Somuenzaniso, pashure moto, anofanira kupa nokukurumidza rubatsiro. yaida kuzodana amburenzi, ipai kuwana mhepo yakachena, mbatya dzakachena hampering kufema, kunyevenutsa, kudziya. Zvakakomba chepfu Kazhinji kurapwa chete pasi pokudzora vanachiremba muchipatara.

kunyoresa

Carbon monoxide, Sezvambotaurwa, pane chepfu uye ngozi, asi ndiwo mumwe inokosha yeimwe ayo anoshandiswa indasitiri ano kuti makemikari kwetunhu. CO inoshandiswa kugadzira simbi yakachena, carbonyls, phosgene, carbon sulfide, methyl doro, formamide, zvinonhuwirira aldehydes, formic acid. fuma iyi rinoshandiswawo sezvo mafuta. Pasinei kwayo toxicity uye toxicity, zviri inowanzoshandiswa mbishi mashoko kubudisa chepfu zvakasiyana siyana munyika makemikari indasitiri.

Carbon monoxide uye carbon dioxide, chii musiyano?

Monoxide uye carbon dioxide (CO uye CO ₂₎ kazhinji kururama kuti mumwe. Both magasi vari odorless, Hauoneki, uye vose vane inokanganisa kumwoyo. Both magasi kupinda muviri kuburikidza inhalation, ganda uye ziso. yeimwe izvi kana chavakaona zvipenyu kupawo nezviratidzo zvinoverengeka - nomusoro, dzungu, nokugwinha uye fungidziro. Vanhu Most zvakaoma kuti musiyano uye regai kuti motokari chiutsi chiutsi chaibwinya sezvo CO, uye CO _2. Inside kuwedzera wevasungwa pamusoro magasi aya anogona kuva ngozi kune utano hwevanhu uye kuchengeteka, pasi navo. Ndoupi musiyano?

At dzakakwirira kuwanda zvose zvinogona kuuraya. Musiyano nhema pakuti CO ₂ vanowanzochema negasi, zvakakodzera kuti zvose zvinomera uye mhuka upenyu. CO haisi yenhando. Izvi ne-chigadzirwa okisijeni-isina combustion. The dzinonetsa makemikari musiyano ari kuti CO ₂ ane chimwe kabhoni atomu uye vaviri okisijeni atomu, asi chete CO pavo mumwe nomumwe. Carbon dioxide dzisiri zvinobata moto, apo monoxide kazhinji kubata moto.

Carbon dioxide sezvingatarisirwa kuwanikwa muchadenga, vanhu nemhuka kufema okisijeni uye patinofemera kunze carbon dioxide, i.e. venyama inogona kukunda zvishoma. gasi iyi anodawo kuti photosynthesis miti. Zvisinei, carbon monoxide hariwanikwi sezvingatarisirwa mumhepo, uye zvingakonzera zvinetso zvoutano kunyange panguva yakaderera kuwanda. Vose gasi arambe achirema kuri zvakasiyana. Carbon dioxide kunorema uye zvikuru gobvu pane mhepo, apo carbon monoxide ndiyo kurerukira. peculiarity ichi inocherechedzwa nhoroondo pave chakakodzera sensors mudzimba.