Ndiani akawana Chiitiko kuti radioactivity uye sei zvakaitika?

Nyaya rinotaura pamusoro ndiani vawana Chiitiko pamusoro radioactivity, kana zvakaitika uye pasi ezvinhu.

radioactivity

The ano nyika uye indasitiri angangotadza kuita pasina renyukireya. Nuclear reactors zvokudya subs, anopa magetsi kumaguta ose, uye mabhuku anokosha simba kwakavakirwa kuora radioactive, akatasva satellites uye marobhoti kuti vari kudzidza dzimwe nyika.

Radioactivity sezvayakawanikwa mukupera XIX remakore. Zvisinei, kufanana nezvimwe zvakawanwa zvinokosha zvesayenzi. Asi ndiani pakati masayendisiti kutanga vawana Chiitiko kuti radioactivity uye sei zvakaitika? Izvi ndizvo zvatichakurukura munyaya ino.

kuwanikidza

Zvakakosha zvikuru kuti chiitiko nesayenzi kwakaitika muna 1896 uye akaita Becquerel wake kudzidza zvichibvira kubatana zviri luminescence uye ichangobva kuwanikwa unonzi X-ray.

Maererano netsamba kubva Becquerel, akawana pfungwa kuti pamwe chero luminescence iri pamwe ne X-ray? Kuti dzipupurire zvokufungidzira ake, akashandisa dzakawanda makemikari, kusanganisira mumwe munyu pamusoro uranium exchange, iyo glows murima. Uyezve, vakabata nayo muzuva, musayendisiti akashandura munyu mukati rima bepa uye akariisa muwadhiropu pamusoro Photographic mundiro, izvo zvinozoita yavewo mumapepa nenzira opaque wrapper. Gare gare, achiratidza Becquerel unotsiva ane kuratidzwa yakarurama chimedu munyu. Asi sezvo luminescence pabepa vasingagoni kukunda, zvinoreva kuti chikapenya ndiro X-ray womumwe. Saka zvino tinoziva iye kutanga vawana chinonakidza kuti radioactivity. Zvisinei, musayendisiti haana asi kunyatsonzwisisa zvakataurwa zvakawanikwa. Asi zvinhu zvokutanga pakutanga.

The musangano Academy of Sciences

Gare gare gore iroro, pamusangano Academy of Sciences kweParis, Becquerel akaita mushumo "On the nemwaranzi zvinoberekwa phosphorescence." Asi pashure kwechinguvana dzidziso yake uye zvakabudiswa taiva kuchinja. Somuenzaniso, munguva imwe nemiedzo, pasina akamirira zvakanaka uye kuine mamiriro okunze, musayendisiti wakaiswa pamusoro Photographic mundiro uranium exchange remubatanidzwa asina irradiated nechiedza. Kunyange zvakadaro, nhoroondo vachiri akaratidza zvakajeka ayo mamiriro.

On March iroro Becquerel akapa musangano Academy of Sciences kuti basa idzva, nhoroondo mwaranzi chaibwinya nokuda phosphorescent miviri. Zvino tinoziva ndeupi masayendisiti akawana chinonakidza kuti radioactivity.

zvimwe kuedza

Kutsvaka zvimwe zvidzidzo zviri Chiitiko pamusoro radioactivity, Becquerel akaedza zvinhu zvakawanda, kusanganisira uranium exchange simbi. Uye nguva dzose pamusoro ndiro nguva dzose kuramba zvisaririra. Uye nokuisa pakati nemwaranzi panobva uye chikwangwani simbi muchinjikwa, musayendisiti vakagamuchira sezvo isu aiti nhasi, ake X-ray. Saka takakurukura mubvunzo ndiani vawana chinonakidza kuti radioactivity.

Ndizvo pazvakava pachena kuti Becquerel akazoziva neitsva mhando zvisingaonekwi nemwaranzi anogona napo chero chinhu, asi panguva imwe chete, havana X-ray.

Zvakanga zvakare kuwanikwa kuti kusimba kuti mwaranzi kunoenderana uwandu uranium exchange iri kugadzirira nemakemikari, kwete mhuka dzavo. It Becquerel akagoverana pamabasa ake kwesayenzi uye nedzidziso pamwe madzimai avo, Pierre uye Mariey Kyuri, uyo gare gare akasimbisa radioactivity chaibwinya kubudikidza thorium, uye akavhura vaviri muchiso itsva maatomu akafanana, pashure zita polonium uye Radium. Uye kana kuongorora dambudziko "uyo vawana Chiitiko kuti radioactivity," kazhinji zhinji chikanganiso kutaura munorumbidzirweiko ichi Curies.

Impact pamusoro zvipenyu

Kana zvikazikamwa kuti ari radioactive nemwaranzi chaibwinya yeimwe ose uranium exchange, Becquerel ari zvishoma nezvishoma vakadzokera phosphor kudzidza. Asi akaita kuti imwe inokosha kuwana - migumisiro radioactive mwaranzi pamusoro chaivo zvinenge. Saka Becquerel aiva wokutanga uyo vawana Chiitiko pamusoro radioactivity, asiwo vaya yakasimbiswa simba rayo pamusoro zvipenyu kwete chete.

Nokuti mumwe hurukuro iye Vakakwereta radioactive fuma iri Curies akaiisa muhomwe yake. Mushure hurukuro, vakadzokera unahwo, musayendisiti akaona Hwakatsvuka simba ganda, iyo akatora chimiro sepombi. Pierre Curie kunzwa kufembera kwake akasarudza kuedza - kwemaawa gumi akapfekwa akasungirirwa ruoko chubhu ine Radium. Uye pakupedzisira ndawana urikanwi simba usingabereki kuporesa kwemwedzi mishoma.

Saka takakurukura mubvunzo ndiani masayendisiti kutanga vawana chinonakidza kuti radioactivity. Ndiwo sei simba radioactivity sezvayakawanikwa pamusoro chaivo zvinenge. Asi pasinei neizvi, Curies, nenzira, akaramba kuita mukudzidza radioactive zvinhu, uye Mariya Kyuri akafa nemwaranzi zvirwere. zvinhu oga vachiri kuchengeta rinokosha leaded chitoro nokuti nemwaranzi dose vaunganidza nazvo anenge zana apfuura achiri nengozi.