Chii biosphere uye pakudaro nayo ariko?

Pfungwa "biosphere" akashandurwa sezvaari kare. Pakutanga zvakanga kushandiswa zita zvokufungidzira asingafi Organic mamorekuru inova hwaro mhenyu. Zvikasadaro pfungwa imwe goko mupenyu Pasi anopa yeAustria geologist Eduard Suess muna 1875. Ari mubhuku rake "The Origin of Alps" anopindura mubvunzo zvinotaura biosphere. In ake pfungwa, ndiko yakazvimirira goko Nyika, hwakasikwa maererano zvipenyu. Tsanangudzo Izvi zvinotsigirwa nemasayendisiti akawanda - akafanana vakararama E. Suess uye needu.

Gare gare muna 1926, V. I. Vernadsky anotsigira pfungwa. Chii kuti biosphere maererano nedzidziso VI Vernadsky? A musayendisiti mubhuku rake rinonzi rinoti kuti ganda mhenyu Pasi vanoumba kwete chete muviri, asi zvakavapoteredza., T. E. It anotsigira tsanangudzo E. Suess biogeochemical zvinoriumba. Zvisinei, haasi masayendisiti ose anotsigira maonero VI Vernadsky. Naizvozvo, panguva iyoyo pane vaviri zvakaenzana definition "biosphere": ne Suess (yakamanikana kunzwisisa) uye Vernadsky (pahupamhi kunzwisisa).

Maererano nedzidziso Vernadsky, kuti goko mhenyu iri rinotsigirwa rezuva simba uye rine parinogumira. biosphere miganhu achaita uwirirane miganhu upenyu Panyika. Saka, yokumusoro muganhu riri chinhu kukwira pamusoro 15-20? Km (yose troposphere uchingodzikira stratosphere); nechepazasi kuyevedza gungwa uye sea Mugoronga pakadzika zvinopfuura 10 km uye subsoil pasi kuti kudzika 3 km. Results zhiznideyatelnosti zvinenge zviri kuonekwa muchimiro sedimentary nematombo uye pane mukuru kudzika. The dzasara goko Nyika, apo pasina upenyu, uyewo muchadenga dziri mhenyu goko yedu zvakatipoteredza.

Saka chii ndiye Biosphere ari ano mupfungwa, uye chii rinoreva sei zviripo? Zvichienderana dzidziso E. Suess uye Vernadsky, akapa achangobva kupfuura, tinogona kutaura kuti 'Life Ball "- bwakashama thermodynamic ezvinhu Nyika," basa "riri kuitwa kubata kurarama (biotic) uye vasiri kurarama (abiotic) zvinoriumba. The mamiriro ose kwemauto ichi zvinosanganisira zvose zvipenyu uye avo vakasara, dzedenga, mvura uye rakasimba panyika goko, ayo ine zvinenge uye kuchinja pasi pokudzora basa ravo.

Kuti tirambe kushanda goko iyi Pasi anofanira zvimwe zvivako kuti kubatsira kuti zvivepo.

The chikuru ehupfumi ari biosphere:

1. The chinokosha - nyaya mhenyu.
2. Kubudirana pachena: inoda simba kunobva kunze - solar simba.
3. Kuzvidzora (homeostasis): zviri kukwanisa kudzokera yaro hwepakutanga, uchishandisa dzimwe mashandiro. Somuenzaniso, vanhu ivhu zvipenyu uye revegetation pashure munhu kuputika kuputika. Zvisinei, izvi hazvirevi kuti nguva dzose pfuma kungasashanda nekuda kupindira kwevanhu zvakasikwa (zvisikwa agrocenoses, t. E. The hazvizivi zvinhu zvipenyu kuti havakwanisi wokugadzirisa hwavo).
4. A-siyana kwemarudzi, iyo dzinovimbisa kutsiga kwayo.
5. The kuchovha kwenyaya.

Achipfupikisa uye pakupindura mubvunzo, chii biosphere, tinogona kutaura kuti izvi ndizvo chaizvo, mhenyu goko Nyika, yose mararamiro kuti kune pakunogumira, uye zvimwe zvivako kuti kubatsira kuti zvivepo.