Kupatsanura muzvirongwa. Definition uye kupatsanura muzvirongwa

Tinopa uwane kupatsanura muzvirongwa pamusoro siyana chikonzero. Munoziva, chii muri dzinoona sei akasiyana nomumwe. Chokutanga, tinofanira kupa anodiwa kutsunga kuva pfungwa chii chaiitika.

The chirongwa - kunzwisisa hurongwa chichiitwa, iyo ndehwokuti kushandura munzvimbo dzakasiyana muupenyu hwevanhu. In dzakabudirira uye nyika dzaiumba Soviet Union akasiyana yekudyidzana ichi pfungwa uye kupatsanura muzvirongwa dzimwe nguva ine maitiro ayo (ona. Section "Investment Projects").

Mugore chinyakare pfungwa shoko rinoreva chirongwa:

1) The chinangwa pfungwa, pfungwa.

2) The description, mharidzo, mufananidzo chinhu (zvaioneka kana chisingaoneki) papepa kana zvimwe zvemagetsi.

Chii chinobatanidzwa mu racho?

Pfungwa yacho iri dzakabudirira kuWest riri kupfuura rakundwa kubva kwatiri. Somuenzaniso, American Institute basa Kutarisira ichasarudzwa nayo sezvo mumwe dambudziko pamwe epakutanga Data uyewo unodikanwa zvinangwa (zvabuda) kuti kuti nzira kugadzirisa nayo. Zvisinei, pano, zvinonzi akati chii zvinhu anowanikwa Implementation nechirongwa. Uyezve, nzira kugadzirisa dambudziko iri kusadzokera nguva dzose uye kwete chete zvinangwa (zvaitika) kwayo sarudzo. Naizvozvo tinogona kutaura kuti basa zvinosanganisira:

- urongwa (basa, dambudziko);

- nzira kugadzirisa (Implementation);

- huru (zvabuda).

purojekiti zvabuda

The chirongwa ari Mupfungwa yakazara - chinhu chinogona kuchinja chinhu munyika, upenyu. Zvakabuda vake akadarowo maonero anogona kuva zvose chaiwo (sangano, zvivako, zvivako, zvinhu zvakadaro. D.) Uye Abstract (ruzivo, zivo, madzidzisiro, zvirongwa, uye zvichingodaro. D.). Kana isu funga sechinhu simba gadziriro, vangazivikanwa:

- razvino (zvigadzirwa, mapepa, etc ...);

- magumo (purofiti, chigadzirwa, etc ...).

Kazhinji basa racho uye ahwo dzinoturwa muchimiro zvinangwa wegadziriro, izvo zvinoreva kuti chirongwa ane hurongwa. Nemamwe mashoko, kuti mubatanidzwa siyana zvinhu uye hwava ukama pakati pavo, izvo inowana mamwe zvinangwa.

Nhandare zvinokwanisika pamusoro kuti patsanura zvirongwa

Kupatsanura muzvirongwa zvinogona kuitwa pamusoro mashoko Implementation, pakafunuka, unhu zvakagadzirwa dzavo uye Implementation, nzvimbo Implementation, kukura zvinhu zvinoshandiswa. Kusiyana kwemarudzi yakakwirira zvikuru zvechokwadi. Kupatsanura muzvirongwa ane kwezvikonzero zvinotevera:

- maumbirwo, murwiyo chirongwa uye pasi nharaunda, ona kirasi yacho;

- zvoupenyu basa, apo voitakura kunze, izvo anosarudza ayo mhando;

- kukura chirongwa, uwandu vechikamu uye rwakadini simba rayo panyika, kutsanangura kukura kwayo;

- nguva yose Implementation kuti anosarudza ayo refu;

- ukuru zvokugadzira zvinhu, zvemari, sangano, hwokugadzira uye mamwe matambudziko.

musangano zvirongwa

Types muzvirongwa ndeinotevera: sangano, zvemagariro, zveupfumi, hwokugadzira uye zvakasiyana. kwesangano zvirongwa kazhinji chokuita kuchinja zvinhu zviripo mabhizimisi uye nokuumba zvebhizimisi idzva, sangano, mabhizimisi sangano, vamwe mabasa (misangano, okudhindira, forum, Misangano, etc.). Zvirimo zvinotevera:

- zvebasa racho anotsanangurwa, asi zvakaoma kuyera quantitatively, sezvo vari kutaurirwa kuti kunatsiridza hurongwa;

- ya kuurayiwa nguva uye vari kuisa pachine;

- kure sezvinobvira dzinounzwa pfuma;

- mari kuti chirongwa chakadai inozviisa zvakaoma chaizvo kudzora mumaonero kunyatsoshanda kuti Implementation wavo kazhinji vanoda kururamiswa kare kuitwa.

Features zvoupfumi muzvirongwa

The kupatsanura pakati mhando mabasa zvinosimbisawo zvoupfumi. Vari nechinangwa zvebhizimisi kugadzirisa, privatization, nokubatanidzwazve, kuvandudzika netsika mitemo, mutero hurongwa nezvimwe zvinhu ivo ndeinotevera .:

- akataura huru pre-chokupedzisira zvinangwa zvinogona kugadziridzwa mukufamba Implementation;

- Implementation chirongwa sezvinobvira, uyewo munhu zvinoumba payo kazhinji kugadziridzwa;

- anenge pakutsvaga mari, asi ivo vari pedyo pedyo uye akaramba kuongororwa.

Zvinoitwa evanhu muzvirongwa

Social zvirongwa dzakanangana nekugadzirisa chaizvo matambudziko evanhu. Somuenzaniso, ndiye kuvandudzika kuti mudyandigere mitemo, magariro kuchengeteka, kubviswa migumisiro pamagariro evanhu uye zvakasikwa. Pane mimwe mienzaniso. Pane yoga kupatsanura munzanga zvirongwa, asi vose vane zvinotevera zvakafanana zviri:

- zvinangwa hwakapiwa zvavo, asi vari kugadziriswa, Qualitative uye quantitative tinyatsonzwisisa mune iyi kazhinji zvakaoma sezvo kukura, vawane zvimwe zvabuda zvenguva;

- yose nguva uye nguva haagoni zvakajeka, saka vane probabilistic hunhu;

- sezvo zvakafanira Zvisinei govera zvinhu basa, kuti sezvaibvira.

Mukuru kusava nechokwadi vane chaizvo ichi mhando muzvirongwa.

ouinjiniya muzvirongwa

Vari chokuita kukura chigadzirwa mutsva (mhando, mutsa kuvakwa). Features zvinotevera:

- zvakajeka zvikuru chinangwa chikuru, kunyange nomumwe dzesub Implementation sezvo anogona kutaurwa;

- chinguva, kupera deadlines vari zvakajeka pachine uye vanoremekedzwa kure sezvinobvira; asi kuchigadzirisa hauna kunze;

- Yekushandisa zvakajeka akaronga;

- zvausingakwanisi ari Implementation chirongwa uye kuronga ayo ukama, kunyanya, kuti panogumira kugadzirwa vachikanganisa.

Mono-, multi- uye Mega-zvirongwa

Kupatsanura muzvirongwa kunogonawo kusiyanisa zvinotevera mhando kwavari: a Mega-chirongwa, multi-chirongwa uye monoproekty.

Monoproekty chinomiririra chete nekubatwa siyana hukuru, mhando uye mhando. Multiproject - yakaoma, chinosanganisira iri nhengo dzaro imwe monoproekty shoma. Pakupedzisira, Mega-chirongwa ari kubaya purogiramu pokumuka maindasitiri uye nzvimbo. Inoitwa dzakawanda mono- uye multiprojects.

yezvinoreva chirongwa

Sezvaunogona kuona, zvikuru Ndonyaya "kupatsanura muzvirongwa uye maonero avo." Achienderera mberi kuburitsa, mberi kune chinotevera kupatsanura zvitsigiro. Unogona kusarudza megaproject uye diki (Mini-chirongwa). Kupatsanura muchiitiko ichi rinoitwa nedanda rechikero. Small vhoriyamu iri diki, kubudikidza nyore mamiriro, ane vashoma vechikamu. It akabvumira apo afunge uye zvinenge dzinoverengeka simplifications:

- mumwe munhu anoita basa Kufambisa;

- Management Chikwata nhengo dziri kuchinjaniswa maererano chirongwa;

- zvikuru nyore Implementation purogiramu;

- neimwe nhengo chikwata anoziva kwayo kwakaita basa uye mabasa;

- Chirongwa zvokurimisa chete chakakandirwa (chikwata), uyo akatanga basa pariri vaiita kukura, mukuronga, uye ipapo magadzirirwo.

Features megaprojects

Megaprojects vanomiririra chipfuro chirongwa. Zvinosanganisira mumwe muzvizhinji zviduku ndivo, izvo interconnected uye kubatanidzwa nechinangwa chimwe nguva nepfuma. Zvirongwa zvakadaro zvakanangwa angava Inter-romunharaunda dzakapoteredza, Inter-sectoral, sectoral, National uye dzakawanda. Svika mazana emamiriyoni emadhora kuti zvemari yavo, uye dzimwe nguva zvakawanda. Kwakarongeka uye vakaumba chirongwa chakadai panguva neIntergovernmental uye nyika mumatunhu. 5-7 Makore, uye dzimwe nguva zvakawanda zvinogona ya Implementation yavo. Kwete mukana kuti isu vanozivikanwa navo, kudura nyaya dzakadai kupatsanura muzvirongwa. basa kutarisirwa mhando iyi zvikuru kunzwisisa, nekuti kunoda kufunga zvinhu zvizhinji.

Zvinotevera nyaya dziri tinoberekwa kwavari:

- kuvapo vemifananidzo akasiyana siyana kuti dzidzira dzakasiyana mhando basa, izvo zvinoreva kuti pane chikonzero batanidza zviito zvavo;

- rokumanikidzirwa kunyoresa zveupfumi mamiriro ezvinhu kuzadziswa chirongwa ichi imwe nzvimbo panguva imwe nguva;

- yavaive ari oga danho yayo pakukura pfungwa;

- update pamusoro siyana nzendo Implementation chepakutanga chirongwa urongwa;

- anochengeta zvayo yokusiyana uye specificity;

- kuti anofanira kuva akasiyana urongwa hwayo Implementation - zvose operative uye zvine urongwa;

- rokumanikidzirwa vanyorwa probabilistic hunhu-siyana zviratidzo uye ngozi;

- kuramba zvichiongororwa chirongwa, uyewo update kuti zvinhu zvayo.

Kupatsanura ne chinguva

Tichitarisa nyaya "kupatsanura muzvirongwa uye maonero avo", zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nguva vanogona rakakamurwa pfupi, svikiro uye kwenguva refu.

Pfupi (anosvika 2 years), dzinoratidzwa ndechokuti mutengi anofarira kukurumidza kupera basa iri, saka aida kuwedzera rinodhura chaiko. Maximally wakaderedzwa apo nhau, shoma nhamba Contractors munyaya basa, uchishandisa kupfuura nyore Implementation pamusoro Graphics pane mumwe munhu ane basa, uye kuchinja pasi Implementation zvishoma. Projects medium- uye kwenguva refu vasina izvi zvinhu.

zvemamiriro chirongwa

With ezvinhu akawanda akabatanidza kunzwisisa basa. Pakati pavo - kudiwa mukuru unhu ayo kuurayiwa, shoma-siyana zvokushandisa (nguva, basa uye mari), etc. anogona kusiyanisa zvinotevera zvinhu :.

- magadzirirwo mapepa;

- inogadzirwa zvivako;

- inogadzirwa zvivako;

- mabikirwo mabasa uye kugadzirwa;

- muzvigadzirwa midziyo;

- mabasa, basa chigadzirwa, anobudiswa.

Zvichienderana iro hunhu ane basa, pane vamwe uye uwane kupesana kumusoro.

Kuchengeta zvemamiriro chacho vari: mari, mbishi zvinhu, munhu nezvinhu (vashandi), nzvimbo uye nharaunda nzvimbo, makondirakiti, zvibvumirano, makondirakiti, uye zvimwe zvinhu kuti pave ayo Implementation uye kubudirira.

Investment muzvirongwa

Investment muri zvinenge zvose mapurojekiti, sezvo vakawanda vavo inoda mari Investments, kureva upfumi. In mabhuku pabasa kuongorora uye kuronga mari, zvinoreva zvakaoma pamusoro dyidzana emakambani, izvo nechinangwa kuwana chaicho vanonangwa kwenguva yakati. Kupatsanura pakati mari muzvirongwa zvinogona kuitwa musi siyana chikonzero: pamusoro rapanzvimbo Investments, zvinangwa, pamwero pangozi, ukuru interconnectivity, mazwi. Zvikurukuru, pamwero muduku mari dzinounzwa, chetsika, hombe uye mega-.

Muna US uye Western Europe dziri okugadzirisa avo zvirongwa duku ane mutengo idukusa zviuru 300. Dollars. Avhareji (zvimwe kunzi chinyakare) vane kukosha 300 zviuru. Kusvikira $ 2 miriyoni .. zvirongwa guru - avo kuti ane inokosha uye mari inopfuura mamiriyoni 2 emadhora. Pakupedzisira, Mega-zvirongwa - dzakawanda kana rudzi chipfuro zvirongwa kuti zvinobatana zvinoverengeka mari muzvirongwa kuti vane chinangwa zvakafanana. mutengo wavo anoda kubva mabhiriyoni 1 emadhora.

Mugore Russian tsika kwakasimbiswa dzakasiyana kupatsanura pakati inivhesitimendi muzvirongwa. Somuenzaniso, apo iri yemakwikwi hwaro vari dzinounzwa centralized mubhizimisi pfuma, racho mutengo vanopfuura mamiriyoni 50 emadhora vanoonekwa guru.

Kupatsanura muzvirongwa dzidzo

Vanogona kuva pachako uye boka. Saka, mumwe nomumwe wavo ane zvazvisingarambiki zvakwakanakira. Panewo rinokosha basa nzira, iyo chinopiwa pazasi kupatsanura. gadziriro iyi dzidzo, ruzivo uye unyanzvi izvo vawana munguva muitiro anozvipira kuronga uye Implementation muzvirongwa nevadzidzi - dzinoshanda mabasa, zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera kunzwisisa.

Possible edzidzo mabasa kupatsanura:

- zvezvinotaurwa mabasa;

- Category nzvimbo;

- uwandu vatambi;

- nguva Implementation;

- kukosha zvabuda.

Vose zvavo, zvisinei mhando, yakasiyana uye inimitable, zvainanga pazvinangwa chaizvo, zvinoda kushanda kuti Inter-chokuita mabasa havabvumirwi nguva.

Projects pamusoro kunzwisisa inogona Inter-pasi uye monoproekty. Recent kuitwa mukati munharaunda imwe chete kana mumwe zvedzidzo nyaya. Interdisciplinary rinoitwa pasi pokudzora nyanzvi kubva kuminda siyana zivo kunze maawa chikoro.

By hunhu hwavo vokukurukura zvinogona rakakamurwa dzakawanda dzakapoteredza, uye intra-vnutriklassnye. Kazhinji, vaviri vokutanga tinoitirwa telecommunication mapurojekiti, vachishandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana yazvino uye Indaneti.

Kana tikatora sezvikonzero yemamiriro nezvebasa vadzidzi, marudzi anotevera anogona kuva anokudzwa:

- ubate tsika vaifarira;

- Research;

- ruzivo;

- okugadzira zvinhu;

- basa.

Panyaya nguva, vangazivikanwa:

- Mini-zvirongwa kuti zvinopinda rimwe chidzidzo kana chikamu chacho;

- pfupi, rakagadzirirwa 4-6 makirasi;

- zvirongwa pavhiki, izvo zvinoda maawa 30-40 uye inosanganisira mubatanidzwa mukirasi uye imwe-curricular siyana basa, uyewo rakadzika svetuka mavari, izvo zvinoita navo Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri chimiro sangano basa racho;

- refu-refu (-gore rimwe), mumwe zvose boka uye (sechinhu mutemo, vari kunze kunze chakaipa nokushanda maawa).

A-siyana muzvirongwa

Kupatsanura muzvirongwa, chirongwa zvakanaka, sezvamunoona, vakatakudzwa kubva kwete chete nokuda mamaneja uye nemasayendisiti. Vazhinji vedu tiri vakasangana navo dzavo nyanzvi mabasa, kunyanya vadzidzisi. Vadzidzi, panzira, chiri kazhinji vapiwa basa rokuita "panyaya kuvaka ...". Izvi zvichabatsira ravo ramangwana nyanzvi mabasa. Project pamusoro dingindira dzataurwa nokuda mudzidzisi kana akasarudzwa pachako, rinowanzoshandiswa aionekwa zvinoyerera kana kuongorora mapepa.