Ndezvipi wanda? Biology: Mhando uye kupatsanura pakati nemavhairasi

Nemavhairasi (bhayoroji decrypts zvinoreva izwi saka) - extracellular yomuchipatara chinogona kuridzwa chete nokubatsirwa masero mhenyu. Uyezve, havana kukwanisa kukanganisa vanhu, nemhuka, asiwo utachiona. Nemavhairasi, mabhakitiriya dzinonzi bacteriophages. Handizvo kare kunge akawana marudzi kuti sei mumwe. Vari kunzi "satellites wanda."

General unhu

Nemavhairasi zvakawanda chaizvo chaivo chimiro, sezvo mune ose mararamiro ari Nyika. kudzidza zvaisanganisira sayenzi virology - zvidukuduku chikamu.

Mumwe Utachiona PARTICIPLE ane zvakawanda zvinoti:

- majini ruzivo (DNA kana RNA);

- capsid (mapuroteni jasi) - rwokudzivirira basa;

Nemavhairasi vane zvikuru zvakasiyana-siyana, kubvira nyore helical uye icosahedral nemagumo. Standard hukuru vanenge chimwe-ramazana kukura vashoma utachiona. Zvisinei, vakawanda specimens zvokuti duku kuti havasi kunyange kuonekwa pasi chiedza maikorosikopu.

By hunhu hwavo, nemavhairasi vari tupukanana uye haagoni bereka kunze sero mupenyu. Asi ari kunze masero kurega kuti zviratidzo zvipenyu.

Kupararira munzira dzakawanda: nemavhairasi vanogara miti, unozununguswa nezvipembenene kuti zvokudya pamusoro uswa muto; nemavhairasi mhuka kutakura ropa-yakayamwa nezvipembenene. In vanhu, utachiona iri chinopfuudzwa munzira dzakawanda: kuburikidza kuenda neherikoputa mumate kana pabonde uyewo kuburikidza ropa.

mavambo

Nemavhairasi (Biology ane kuwanda kwemarudzi) vane hypotheses wandei mavambo. tupukanana izvi akawanikwa ose millimeter chenyika apo pane masero mapenyu. Naizvozvo ipapo kubva kutanga upenyu.

Kune zvitatu hypotheses nezvekwakabva nemavhairasi munguva yedu.

1. Pfungwa pamusoro cellular mavambo yakataura kuti extracellular vamiririri dzakabuda RNA zvimedu uye DTC, izvo zvinogona kubudiswa kubva pamuviri hombe saizi.
2. Regressive pfungwa inoratidza kuti nemavhairasi makamuri zviduku, makatungamirira parasitic mararamiro muzvinhu marudzi, asi pakupedzisira vakarasikirwa kwemajini zvaidikanwa parasitic kuvapo.
3. Coevolution pfungwa kunoratidza kuti nemavhairasi yakabuda panguva imwe chete kuti vaigara masero, kureva mabhiriyoni emakore akapfuura. Uye pakanga nemhaka kuvaka kunzwisisa mugadziriro nucleic acids nemapurotini.

Muchidimbu utachiona (pamusoro zvipenyu zviri zvipenyu izvi, zivo yedu chawo, zvinosuruvarisa riri kure wakakwana) unogona kuverenga munyaya ino. Imwe neimwe dzidziso dziri pamusoro apa zvazvakanakira unproven pfungwa.

Mavhairasi chimiro choupenyu

Pane zvimiro zviviri utachiona tsanangudzo upenyu. Maererano rokutanga, extracellular vamiririri - kunzwisisa Organic mamorekuru. The Tsanangudzo Wechipiri anoti nemavhairasi vanonyanya chimiro choupenyu.

Nemavhairasi (Biology hunosanganisira chidzoke pakubhadhara dzakawanda itsva nemavhairasi) vanoonekwa sezvo zvinhu zvipenyu pamuganhu. Ivo akafanana zvipenyu masero kuti vane rakasiyana akagadzirwa majini dzavo uye ichishanduka kwakavakirwa nzira rwokuzvarwa vakasarudzwa. Uyewo, vanogona bereka, nokusika makopi dzavo. Sezvo nemavhairasi regai kuva cellular yakarongeka, masayendisiti havarangariri navo sezvo nyaya mhenyu.

Kuti synthesize pachake mamorekuru ayo, extracellular vamiririri vanoda musero. Kusavapo yayo muviri haabvumiri kuti zviwande pasina rubatsiro.

Zvisinei, nyaya masayendisiti yakabudiswa muna 2013 kuti dzimwe bacteriophages ine yayo zvirwere anokwanisa kuchinja. Uye ichi ndicho chimwe uchapupu kuti utachiwana - mufananidzo woupenyu.

Kupatsanura pakati mavhairasi Baltimore

Ndezvipi nemavhairasi, zvipenyu rinotsanangura nezvedzinza. David Baltimore (akahwina mubayiro weNobel) yakatanga yavo kupatsanura pakati nemavhairasi, izvo kuchiri kubudirira. kupatsanura Izvi zvinobva nzira inotungamirwa mRNA.

Nemavhairasi vanofanira kuumba mRNA kubva pachavo genomes. Izvi ndizvo zvakakodzera kuti vayo kuberekana kubva nucleic asidhi uye mapuroteni inotungamirwa.

Virus kupatsanura (zvipenyu achibvumira dzakavapo), maererano Baltimore, sezvinotevera:

- dvutsepochnoy nemavhairasi pasina DNA rwakazara RNA. Ava vanosanganisira Mimivirus uye gerpevirusy.

- chimwe-nezano DNA uine polarity (parvovirus).

- Dvuchepochnaya RNA (rotaviruses).

- chimwe-nezano RNA rekuva polarity. Representatives flaviviruses, picornaviruses.

- chimwe-nezano RNA morekuru kaviri kana akaipa polarity. Mienzaniso: filoviruses, orthomyxoviruses.

- yakanaka chete-nezano RNA, uye kuvapo DNA usage pamusoro RNA (HIV) chizvaro.

- Dvutsepochnaya DNA uye kuvapo DNA usage pamusoro template RNA (nehepatitis B).

upenyu Span

Mienzaniso nemavhairasi mu zvipenyu akawana dzinenge kumativi ose. Asi vose upenyu kutenderera rinobva anenge chete. Vasina foni chimiro, bereka nokuda Vakagovana, havagoni. Saka, shandisa zvinhu zviri mukati hondo yaro masero. Saka, havana kubudisa makopi akawanda pachavo.

utachiwana kutenderera ine matanho akawanda, izvo vzaimoperekryvayuschimisya.

Panguva Danho rokutanga utachiona wanamatira, kureva kuti rinoonekwa yakananga kubatana pakati mapuroteni dzavo uye musero receptors. Next unofanira kupinda muchitokisi pacharo uye zvakaitika magene zvinhu zvayo. Dzimwe kushivirira zvakawanda uye mapurotini. Zvadaro vari capsid kurasikirwa, uye genomic nucleic asidhi asunungurwa.

Mushure chisvetasimba chikawira mukati sero kunotanga ungano nemavhairasi nezvimedu uye mapuroteni nadzurudzo. Uye somugumisiro hutachiwana kubva masero. Kunyange kana achiramba kuva, zvingava usauraya muchitokisi, uye kuramba vachirarama nazvo.

chirwere dzevanhu

Mavhairasi bhayoroji anodudzira sevakaderera kuratidzwa muupenyu Panyika. Chimwe chezvinhu zvevanhu nemavhairasi chirwere chikuru chiri vanhuwo kuchitonhora. Zvisinei, utachiona hwacho izvi zvinogona kukonzera chirwere chakakomba zvikuru zvakadai seAIDS kana Avian yokuSpain.

Mumwe Utachiona ane dzakananga mashandiro chiito pamusoro pehondo wayo. Izvi zvinosanganisira lysis kwamakamuri iyo inotungamirira kurufu rwavo. In zvipuka zvine masero akawanda Utachiona, nhengo anotanga kushanda havaratidzi apo vakawanda masero kufa kure. Muzviitiko zvizhinji, utachiona arege kukuvadza kuti utano hwevanhu. In mushonga inonzi latency. Muenzaniso utachiona kwakadaro herpes. Vamwe Isimba rakadini rinogona kubudiswa mhando vanokwanisa kubatsirwa. Dzimwe nguva kuvapo kwavo induces zvirwere mhinduro pamusoro kwemabhakitiriya utachiona.

Vamwe Zvirwere inogona chirwere kana kwoupenyu hwose. Kureva utachiona iri kukura, pasinei runodzivirira mashandiro muviri.

matenda

Nemavhairasi epidemiology - sayenzi kuti kudzidza kudzora nokupfuuridzirwa kutapukirwa noutachiona muvanhu. chisvetasimba kutapukirwa zvinogona chinjikira, kureva, munhu nomunhu; kana mira - kubva amai mwana.

Horizontal hutachiwana ndicho mhando utachiona rakapararira pakati vanhu.

Kupfuudzwa mwero utachiona kunoenderana zvinoverengeka on: hwevanhu arambe achirema, nhamba yevanhu vane murombo zvirwere, uyewo kubva mushonga unhu uye mamiriro okunze.

Skin kudzivirirwa

Nemavhairasi mu zvipenyu kuti utano hwevanhu, incalculable. Wokutanga chaizvo Mhinduro vanodzivirira tinozvarwa kutapata. Inoitwa anokosha zvigadziriswe kuti zvinopa non-chaicho kudzivirirwa. Izvi mhando kutapata haisi kukwanisa kupa yakavimbika uye refu kuchengetedzwa.

Kana vertebrate adaptive kutapata sokuti, ipapo yakabereka anokosha antibodies kuti vachikoshesa kuti utachiona uye kuti njodzi.

Asi kwete pamusoro zvose zviripo utachiona hwakawanikwa kutapata. Somuenzaniso, HIV inongogara kuchinja amino iine acid kutevedzana, saka kutamira kure zvirwere.

Mushonga uye Kudzivirira

Mavhairasi mu zvipenyu - chinhu chakajairika zvikuru chakajairika, masayendisiti vaziva yokudzivirira saka chinokosha ane "damning zvinhu" pachavo wanda. Rakajairika uye inobudirira nzira kutambudzikira kubaya, iyo pave kutapata zvirwere, uyewo zvinodhaka antiviral, zvinokwanisa kuita zvokusarudza tunodzivisa kuberekana kubva wanda.

Nemavhairasi uye utachiona zvipenyu anorondedzera kunyanya somunhu ruvengo vagari dzemuviri. Iye zvino, mushonga zvinogona kukundwa pamusoro utachiona matatu dzikavaka matendere womunhu, uye kunyange zvakawanda - mumuviri mhuka.

Matanho pamusoro nemavhairasi zvirwere yaifanira nenguva uye zvakarurama. Kuti aite izvi, vanhu anofanira kurarama mararamiro utano uye edza zvose zvinogoneka nzira vaonekere kutapata. Hurumende inofanira kumisa quarantines nguva uye zvinopa zvakanaka kurapwa.

chirimwa nemavhairasi

nemavhairasi vanoumba bhayoroji anobata zvikurukuru kumativi uye tsvimbo-zvakaumbwa. tupukanana kwakadaro chaizvo vakawanda. In papurazi ivo kunyanya kukanganisa zvibereko, asi kubvisa pavo uneconomical. Kubva chirimwa kudyarwa nemavhairasi vari dzinoparadzirwa zvipembenene vectors. mhando kwakadaro regai kukanganisa vanhu kana mhuka, sezvo ivo chete vanogona kuwanda mu chirimwa mumasero.

Green Friends enyika, zvakare, zvinogona kudzivirirwa kwavari tichibatsirwa Gene mashandiro rakatsiga. Kakawanda anodyara sei utachiwana, vanotanga kubudisa antiviral yomuchipatara zvakadai salicylic asidhi kana senitrogen oxide. Molecular zvipenyu zviri nemavhairasi arikutaura matambudziko kukundwa yakaorera chirimwa tupukanana, uyewo vachinje mishonga kana majini, izvo zvinoita kuti pakuzadzisa hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu.

chakagadzirwa nemavhairasi

Nemavhairasi mu zvipenyu vakawanda. Zviri kunyanya zvakafanira kufunga kuti masayendisiti akadzidza sei kusika chakagadzirwa tupukanana. Yokutanga chakagadzirwa mhando rwaiwanikwa muna 2002. Most extracellular yomuchipatara chakagadzirwa Gene chakaunzwa sero anotanga kuratidza rwarisa unhu. Kureva, ane mashoko ose anodiwa nokuumbwa itsva kwemarudzi. Michina iyi unoshandiswa nevakawanda kubudisa Anti-infective yokudzivirira.

Kugona nemavhairasi ezvokunambira kunze kwomuviri waamai kungava nemigumisiro zhinji. Utachiona haagoni chose kufa kunze bedzi pane nehanya muviri wake.

Mavhairasi - chombo

Zvinosuruvarisa kutapuriranwa tupukanana anogona kusika kunoparadza denda, saka dzinogona kushandiswa senzvimbo chombo utachiona. Izvi kunosimbiswa yeSpain, hwakasikwa murabhoritari. Mumwe muenzaniso chibhokisi. A mushonga nokuti dzawanikwa kare, asi somunhu mutemo, kubaya ndiyo chete vashandi zvokurapa uye vechiuto, izvo zvinoreva kuti vamwe vakawanda vari zvingakanganisa kana zvombo zvoutachiona mhando iyi ichashandiswa uchidzidzira.

Mavhairasi uye Biosphere

Panguva iyoyo, mashoko extracellular vamiririri vanogona 'kuzvirumbidza "soro nhamba yevanhu uye zvipenyu zvipenyu panyika Earth. Yavanobata chinokosha mashandiro kuburikidza yokudzora pasi nevanhu zvipenyu. Kakawanda zvinoumba symbiosis nemhuka. Somuenzaniso, vamwe wasps Nouturu rine zvinoumba ari nemavhairasi mavambo. Zvisinei, chavainyanya muchinangwa kuvapo biosphere ndihwo upenyu mumakungwa uye nyanza.

Mune imwe yetea mugungwa munyu rine vanenge miriyoni imwe wanda. chinangwa chavo chikuru ndechokuti waidzora upenyu hwemvura zvinhu zvipenyu. Vazhinji vavo zvachose hazvikuvadzi kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka

Asi hazvisi zvose hwakanaka. Nemavhairasi inodzora photosynthesis muitiro, saka kuwedzera yakachena tigutsikane mumhepo.