Cities zvenyika. kumaguta makuru

Kukura mumaguta vakawanda ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvechadenga ano yaitonga. Maguta kupfuura nyika kusvikira ichangobva dzichengeterwe chete munzvimbo European nharaunda nevakwegura dzomunyika Asia - China, India uye Japan.

Maviri emakore urbanization: 1800-2000

Kutozosvikira XVIII remakore, hapana guta haana kusvika kuchikumbaridzo vagari miriyoni imwe, kunze Roma munguva dzekare, panguva mugumo vagari vemo vakaverenga vanhu mamiriyoni 1,3. Muna 1800 makanga chete muguta rimwe rine vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 1 - Beijing, uye muna 1900, vava 15. The tafura rinodonongodza gumi maguta kupfuura munyika muna 1800, 1900 uye 2000 pamwe runoenzanirana vanogara inofungidzirwa.

Rating 1800 zvinoratidza wevanotungamirira vakuru. Pamaguta gumi kupfuura vazhinji, mana Chinese (Beijing, Canton, Hangzhou uye Suzhou).

Pashure nyonganyonga yezvematongerwe enyika panguva Qing youmambo, China akamborara yakareba yorugare wevanotungamirira kuwedzera. Muna 1800, Beijing akava guta rokutanga pashure kuRoma (pa yepamusoro hweRoma), uyo vakawanda kwazvo vanhu mamiriyoni 1. Ipapo akanga nhamba imwe munyika; Constantinople aivawo kuderera. Ipapo London uye Paris (wechipiri uye wechishanu, ukuwo). Asi munyika kuera akambomuona madhorobha tsika Japanese kubvira Edo (Tokyo) inotanga XIX remakore vanhu hafu yemiriyoni, pedyo Paris vakawanda, uye Osaka ari pamusoro gumi.

Simuka uye Kuwa Europe

Muna 1900, kukura European yebudiriro zvinova pachena. Maguta makuru enyika (9 10) vaiva Western budiriro kumativi maviri kuAtlantic (Europe uye USA). Mana pakukura yemo kumatunhu ari China (Beijing, Canton, Hangzhou, Suzhou) akanyangarika kubva pamazita, zvichinyatsoratidza kuderera the Chinese hwacho. Mumwe muenzaniso regression vakava Constantinople. Asiwo, maguta akadai London kana Paris, akakura nokukurumidza; pakati 1800 uye 1900 vagari vemo yakawedzera 7-8 nguva. Greater London raiva mamiriyoni 6.5 Vagari, izvo vakapfuura uwandu vagere munyika dzakadai Sweden kana Netherlands.

Kukura Berlin kana New York yakanga zvaitoshamisa. . Muna 1800, New York, ayo nevagari 63 zviuru vasina musoro kukura, uye rimwe taundi duku; Mumwe zana pemakore, vagari vemo yave vakapfuura mamiriyoni 4. Maguta 10 munyika, chete chete-Tokyo - zvakanga kunze kuri kuitwa European ugari.

The wevanotungamirira mamiriro pakutanga pamusoro XXI remakore

Pakazopera zana remakore rechimakumi maviri maguta makuru munyika ine vanhu vagari mamiriyoni 20 nerimwe. Tokyo vachiri kukura zvokuti guta rava kupfuura yakakura agglomeration munyika, rine vanhu mamiriyoni 5 vanhu vakapfuura uwandu New Yorkers. Sam New York, iyo refu vakabata pamusoro gwapa, pari pazuva rechishanu kusvika nhamba vagari vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 24.

Paaiva 1900 gumi kupfuura dzomumaguta agglomerations mumwe chete waiva kunze European bhora, mamiriro Kuyerera zvachose zvakashandurwa, sezvo hapana gumi kupfuura vakawanda megalopolis haagari reEurope budiriro. Maguta gumi Kudeuka dziri muAsia (Tokyo, Shanghai, Jakarta, Seoul, Guangzhou, Beijing, Shenzhen uye New Delhi), Latin America (Mexico) uye Africa (Lagos). Somuenzaniso, muna Buenos Aires, iri achiri kutanga XIX remakore yaiva musha, akaenda 6 fung nzvimbo ine zvachose nevanhu vanhu mamiriyoni 11 muna 1998.

The putika kukura kuonekwa Seoul, umo nhamba vagari mumakore hafu remakore yakawedzera 10 nguva. Sub-Saharan Africa ane madhorobha tsika uye ndiyo chete pakutanga chaipo uyu muitiro, asi pane atova munhu multi-miriyoni guta kuLagos ane vemo vanhu mamiriyoni 21 of.

About mabhiriyoni 2,8 dzomumaguta vanogara 2000

Muna 1900 chete 10% kubva earthlings vaigara mumaguta. Muna 1950 vakanga kare 29%, uye kubudikidza 2000 - 47%. The mumadhorobha Vagari munyika kwakawedzera yekudyidzana: kubva mamiriyoni 160 muna 1900 kusvika mamiriyoni 735 muna 1950 kusvika pamabhiriyoni 2,8 muna 2000

Urban kukura chinhu zvakasikwa kutanga. In Africa, pakukura vamwe misha nekaviri ose gumi kuti waiva mugumisiro ari putika vachiwedzera vagari uye nyanyisa kumaruwa kuenda kumwe. Muna 1950, dzinenge dzose dzakakomberedza dzemusub -Saharan Africa, nhamba mumaguta vakawanda raiva pazasi 25%. Muna 1985, izvi hwaponeswa chete nechetatu kunyika, uye munyika 7 nhamba vomunyika okunda.

Town uye Country

In Latin America, Ukuwo, urbanization vakatanga kare. Yakasvika Parainge rokutanga hafu XX remakore. The mumadhorobha vakawanda ichiri vashoma, chete chaizvo shoma varombo kunyika muCentral America uye muCaribbean (Guatemala, Honduras, Haiti). In zvikuru dzine vanhu vakawanda munyika vari chikamu mumadhorobha vakawanda unoenderana avo munyika dzakasimukira of West (75%).

Mamiriro ezvinhu Asia ndiro zvikuru zvakasiyana. In Pakistan, Somuenzaniso, 2/3 vemo vari kurarama kumaruwa; India, China uye Indonesia - 3/4; muBangladesh - kupfuura 4/5. Vemumusha zvikurukuru simba. Ruzhinji rwevanhu vachiri kugara kumaruwa. Wevasungwa of madhorobha vakawanda ishoma kuti munzvimbo shoma kuMiddle East uye maindasitiri kumatunhu East Asia (Japan, Taiwan, Korea). Zvinoita sokuti mukuru vokumaruwa arambe achirema ichikutadzisa kuti kuputira uye pakudaro chinonditadzisa kunyanya urbanization.

The kwaita kumaguta makuru

Urban vagari vane zvishoma kuwedzera kusimbiswa yakakura agglomerations. Muna 1900, nhamba maguta vanhu vanhu mamiriyoni 1 pamusoro akanga akaenzana 17. Vanenge vose riri mukati European nebudiriro - zvikuru muna Europe (London, Paris, Berlin), kuRussia (St. Petersburg, Moscow) kana davi rawo North American (New NY, Chicago, nepaFiradhefia). The chete kunze uri maguta mashoma kare enyika uye maindasitiri nzvimbo yacho ine mukuru vanogara arambe achirema: Tokyo, Beijing, Calcutta.

Papera hafu yezana remakore, muna 1950, madhorobha nzvimbo yachinja zvikuru. Maguta kupfuura nyika ichiri nhengo European bhora, asi Tokyo amuka kubva 7th kusvika 4th nzvimbo. Uye chiratidzo kuderera kuWest anonyatsodedemura ndiyo kuwa Paris kubva 3rd kune 6th nzvimbo (pakati Shanghai uye Buenos Aires), uyewo London pamwe kutungamirirwa nzvimbo muna 1900 kusvika nhamba 11 muna 1990.

Guta muzvitangwena ose Third Renyika

In Latin America uye kunyange zvakawanda Africa, apo vatarisire nyika yakatanga pakarepo, maguta chaizvo yakadzika dambudziko. Kumhanya huchangotanga maviri katatu lag shure mwero kwouwandu hwevanhu; urbanization havukavu zvino chinhu sembura chinhu: ari kumhanyisa pamusoro rwokugadzirwa mberi uye kudyidzana kutirambidza vanokwanisa kuumba zvakakwana mabasa matsva, apo zvikoro uye mumayunivhesiti ose gore romugove pamusoro basa pamusika, mamiriyoni itsva kudzidza. Upenyu guru iri mhando rizere nokukangaidzika kuti zvokudya kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwe enyika.

Pakati 33 agglomerations vanopfuura mamiriyoni 5 vanhu muna 1990, 22 vaibva dzichiri kusimukira. varombo nyika veguta vanowanzotevedzera kuve pakukura munyika. Dzavo kunyanyisa uye anarchic kukura rinobatanidza matambudziko maguta akadai sedzidzo muzvitangwena uye shanties, kwezvivako zadzisa uye kusembura munzanga kwezvirwere, akadai kwemabasa, utsotsi, kuchengeteka, zvinodhaka uye zvichingodaro. D.

Humwe kupararira kumaguta makuru: Dzekare Future

Chimwe chezvinhu unoshamisa zviri kukura ndiko maumbirwo maguta, kunyanya mune zvishoma dzakabudirira. Maererano neUN tsananguro, ndiyo misha pamwe vanenge mamiriyoni 8 vagari. Kukura yakakura dzomumaguta hurongwa ndiyo kutanga itsva kwakaitika mumakore hafu remakore. Muna 1950, maguta maviri chete (New York uye London) vaiva muchikwata ichi. Pakazosvika 1990, maguta enyika yaisanganisira 11 nemisha: 3 dzaiva munzvimbo Latin America (Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires uye Rio de Janeiro), 2 North America (New York uye Los Angeles), 2 - mu Europe (London uye Paris), uye 4 - mu Asia (Tokyo, Shanghai, Osaka uye Beijing). Muna 1995, 16 22 Mega-maguta ari zvishoma dzakabudirira (12 muAsia, 4 muLatin America uye 2 mu Africa - Cairo uye Lagos). Pakazosvika 2015, nhamba yakawedzera kusvika 42. Pakati pavo, 34 (kureva 81%) dziri mu undeveloped munyika uye 8 chete - dzakabudirira. Cities venyika ruzhinji (27 kubva 42, nekurangarira inenge-muzvitatu maviri) inowanikwa Asia.

Unconditional nyika vaitungamirira mune nhamba maguta-yeshoroma vari China (101), India (57) uye US (44).

Nhasi, Europe guru guru - Moscow, vakatora rechi15 nzvimbo vanhu mamiriyoni 16 vane. Chinoteverwa Paris (29 fung panzvimbo mamiriyoni 10.9) uye London (32th pamwe mamiriyoni 10.2). Tsanangudzo "guru" Moscow akagamuchira pakupera ari XIX remakore, kana Verenga 1897 rakanyorwa mamiriyoni 1 vanhu veguta.

Vaida Mega-maguta

nokukurumidza agglomerates zhinji akayambuka masere millionth chipingamupinyi. Pakati pavo -. Hong Kong City, Wuhan, Hangzhou, Shangai, Taipei-Taoyuan, etc. Mune US, musarudzo kure shure panyaya vemo. It agglomerates ari Dallas / Fort Worth (6.2 mamiriyoni), San Francisco / San Jose (5,9 miriyoni), mamiriyoni 5.8 Houston, guta Miami, Firadhefiya.

Total chinokosha mamiriyoni 8 saka kure kukurira maguta 3 chete American - New York, Los Angeles uye Chicago. The chechina pakukura vanogara muUnited States uye kutanga muna Texas ndiye Houston. The guta iri riri 64 nzvimbo mazita misha kupfuura munyika. Tarisiro muUnited States uye kukura ichiri zviduku conurbations. Mienzaniso remasangano aya Atlanta, Minneapolis, Seattle, Phoenix uye Denver.

Upfumi uye Urombo

Meaning of hyper urbanization dzinosiyana kuendesa kune kondinendi uye kubva munyika nenyika. Sezvineiwo akasiyana wevanotungamirira Profile, hunhu upfumi basa, yokugara, unhu kwezvivako, kukura, nhoroondo ugari. Somuenzaniso, maguta Africa, hapana kare, uye pakarepo ivo vakava nemafashamo pamwe makuru uye kuramba mutsika murombo mumaruwa vanotama (zvikurukuru varimi), uyewo kukura nokuda yakakwirira dzinongoitika kuwedzera. Dzavo kukura zvazvingava zviri pamusoro kaviri avhareji nyika.

In East Asia, apo hwevanhu arambe achirema yakakwirira zvikuru, mumwe conurbation hombe, izvo dzimwe nguva kufukidza nzvimbo huru kwazvo uye unosanganisira richikurukura mumisha pedyo, zvaiva nokuda nani mamiriro ezvoupfumi.

On reIndia kumaguta makuru akaita kuBombay, Calcutta, Delhi, Dhaka uye Karachi, muitiro richikura tichiregeredza varombo kumaruwa, uyewo kunyanya kubereka. In Latin America, mufananidzo siyanei: urbanization yauya pano ipapa uye kufambira kubvira 1980; basa rinokosha aizochinja ichi chinenge vakaita STRUCTURAL kuchinja mitemo.