Ndezvipi zvakaipira tsaukana matongo?

Panoperera kuMiddle Ages European rwokugadzira mberi kwaita kuti kwaita wekushandisa michina mitsva uye zvikepe nako kuvafambisi vengarava the Old World akatanga kuvhura nyika itsva. Zvidzidzo izvi zvakaita kuti achinje pane mabhora ose upenyu hwevanhu.

The Kukunda yeNyika Itsva

Pakutanga yaitonga zvikuru nenzvimbo Zvakawanikwa munyaya 1492, apo Hristofor Kolumb yakawanikwa America. Zvinenge zvose yeNyika Itsva akaziviswawo kune Spanish pfuma. For Motokari European mhiri kwemakungwa nyika aiva tsime mari uye kunetsa zviwanikwa, kusanganisira anokosha simbi. Izvi ukama kushandiswa kwavana kuna America yaiva yokutanga zvinokonzerwa Great Geographical Discoveries. dzakadzidzvinyirira Spanish tsitsi kuparadza runodiwa kana vomunzvimbo akaita varanda. mutemo kwakadaro anokanganisa kukura kondinendi yose.

makore 150 kubva chimiro vatorwa America, runodiwa yakanga kuderedzwa anenge 15 nguva. Akagwinya varume vakawanda akafudza kuna mumigodhi, apo vaifanira kushanda sina hunhu ezvinhu. Somugumisiro, ungaderedza wembereko uye akafumuka siyana zvetsika kurima. Other Migumisiro yakaipa nenzvimbo zvakawanwa - dzose matenda zvinouraya European kune maIndia.

The rutapudzo pakati runodiwa pakati America

In pakati XVI remakore vokuSpain vakatanga sselyat veko vari chaiyo namagariro pedyo mumigodhi. Vanhu ava vanofanira kunge, kune rumwe rutivi, kuita pachena mabasa, uye pane dzimwe - kuti vatsvake zvokudya mhuri dzavo. Mutsika vokuSpain vari munzvimbo yakanga diki. Zvishoma nezvishoma akaumba rinokosha stratum chavagari - vokuEurope kare akaberekerwa Munyika Itsva, uye akapotsa haana ukama amai nyika. vanhu ava vakanzi Creoles. kuzivikanwa kwavo rachengetedzwa nemhaka yokuti vairarama vakanyarara kubva maIndia.

The vomunzvimbo yacho kwakakanganisa pamusoro nguva. Akanyangarika dzemadzinza yose mapoka uye madzinza. mitauro Local vakanga yakatsiviwa Spanish. Kuwedzera Creole, boka mestizos - zvizvarwa vakavhengana michato pakati vokuEurope uye maIndia. Muzana XVII remakore vakatanga yakafanana kwacho pamwe nomutorwa dema vanogara kuti akazviratidza muna America nokuda kwevaranda. Zvakaita kuti mulatto. Zvikurukuru guru nharaunda dzavo vabuda muCaribbean, kusanganisira Cuba uye Haiti, apo miti upfumi raibudirira.

dzinza mugate

All madzinza (maIndia, vokuEurope, mulattos, mestizos, negros, Creoles) pane ari kuvharwa, ivo yakasiyana mumwe kwavo kwepamutemo uye chinzvimbo. Kuvapo vemapoka kwave yakatarwa mitemo Spanish Empire. Migumisiro tsaukana matongo uye vakagumisa kuti mutsva dzayaitonga eSosaiti chinzvimbo akafunga kubudikidza nhangemutange yake uye urudzi.

Kodzero hama yakazara vokuEurope vakagamuchira chete Creoles. Mestizos Kusiyana neizvi, asingagoni senyika, vane chombo, kurarama munharaunda, kunyange vasina kushumira ravo basa. Disenfranchised zvose vaiva maIndia.

zvechiKristu

Pakutanga nyaya, migumisiro Great Geographical Discoveries - izvi zvose kuita pasina zvechechi pamusoro European Huro yakaoma. The Portuguese uye vokuSpain vaiva vokutanga nechisimba kumanikidza yeRoma muna akakunda mudunhu America. Vapristi nemaune kuparadza kwete chete wechihedheni ezvitendero, asi chaizvo tsika runodiwa yeNyika Itsva. Akaparadza Zvivako zvekare uye zvimwe zviratidzo kare chiKristu chisati chavapo.

Chinoratidzwa nemigumisiro nevezera Chechi tsaukana matongo, nhoroondo urwo rwakatora emakore akawanda, izvozvo rinovayeuchidza ratidziro uye kuramba kuvaHedheni. nemhirizhonga dzose akamanikidza vapristi nemabhishopu anoverengeka kushandura ayo gwara, zvichiita manyoro uye zvakawanda conciliatory. Imwe nzira kana mumwe, asi Indian tsika wakapfuura zvinotyisa kurwisa vokuEurope vachiri akapona uye akachengetedzwa.

Operation mutema

World Itsva chaiva vokuEurope ndimo hombe kushanda zvinhu. Nokuti dzokubudisa dzavo uye kugadzirwa waida chaizvo varanda. Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, American vanhu zvinosuruvarisa ipfupi. The duku varanda maIndia vaisagona kusangana zvikumbiro metropolises.

The Kugadzirisa uku kwaiva chidzoke ari transatlantic kwevaranda. In pakati pezana XVI remakore, yava akaumba hurongwa rose kuti andobata varanda West Africa dzavo chokufambisa kuenda America (kunyanya Brazil, Colombia, muCaribbean Islands uye US zasi). Vazhinji vavo aivigirwa kuCongo Basin.

Pakurwisa muuranda

Kuongorora matambudziko nenzvimbo zvakawanwa (Grade 7), garai nezvenyaya iyi, iyo hazvishamisi paunofunga pamwero zviri kuitika kwemazana emakore. Maererano nokufungidzira siyana ari kumanikidzwa pokutapwa kwemakore 400 kwave pasi vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 17. The United Nations anoona transatlantic kwevaranda somumwe zvakakura kutyorwa kwekodzero munhau.

Chinorwisa mhirizhonga vechitema kwakatanga XVIII remakore. MuEngland, wokutanga masangano dzevanhu, izvo akaudza voruzhinji pamusoro akaoma ezvinhu oupenyu vakasikwa varanda. Negative Maonero varanda uye Quakers of America. The akazochinja patova akakurumbira Haitian muranda rokumukira. It kwemakore gumi nematatu (1791-1804 gg.). Pakupedzisira, yeFrance zviremera vakabvuma kukundwa uye akapa munzvimbo rusununguko.

abolition

Other masimba European vakaita chii chakaitika muHaiti vasingafariri. Zvakava pachena kuti kuwedzera kwenhamba varanda zvichaita chete sembura zvinhu kuAmerica uye kuchaita kuti hondo kuramba. Against idzodzi transatlantic kwevaranda vakatsva zvishoma nezvishoma phased kunze. Zvisinei, mune dzimwe nzvimbo yekare vakanga kunyatsodzurwa tanetseka chaizvo.

Mune US, kwevaranda yakaguma muna 1807. Zvisinei, pane chinoramba uranda chaizvo. Zvakanga pakupedzisira chabvisa chete pakati 1860. Kuti izvi zviitike, United States yakanga kuenda kuburikidza wokutanga zveupfumi uye ipapo uto kurwisana kuchamhembe maindasitiri uye kumaodzanyemba muranda rinoti, rinoteurwa kuva hondo yevagari ropa. Last vagotengeseranamo varanda kubva Africa muna 1888, aparadza kuBrazil.

zvoupfumi nemigumisiro

Vamwe migumisiro tsaukana zvakawanwa zvakakonzera vachinje kwete kamwe, asi chete ndeyokuti munhu zvizvarwa shoma. Somuenzaniso, ivo, pamwe zvimwe vakaparadza European feudalism, iyo akasvika kutsiva capitalism. Market nomukadzi zvave kubva vakawedzera uwandu zvinhu kutengeswa. Yaiva Asian zvekudya isingawanzowanikwi uye American pfuma.

Chero mukuru zvokutengeserana makambani, uye zvikuru masimba nepagungwa vakatanga kukwikwidzana mumwe kwete chete muhondo asiwo upfumi. Migumisiro dzakadai tsaukana zvakawanwa akadai "mutengo chimurenga" muEurope muna XVI remakore, kana vakafumira munenge 400%, akashandura zvematongerwo ezvinhu guru. Vakundi ndiwo nyika pamwe kukura chinokosha kugadzirwa (England uye Netherlands). Zvishoma nezvishoma, vakadzinga kune misika kuti yekare dzayaitonga umambo (Portugal uye Spain), izvo pakupedzisira akasvika chakakura kuderera.

Aichinja indasitiri

Nyuchi rakava indasitiri pamusika capacious zvekunze. kuchinja izvi zvakakonzera dambudziko Ages guilds, havagoni kusangana kwakawedzera kudiwa. Panzvimbo yakare kutengeserana akauya capitalist gadzira. Raishandiswa weboka basa, kuti zvikuru kuwedzera pamwero okuwana. Data Conversions Zvakaguma wevasungwa kuti guta uye inotungamirwa bourgeoisie.

Zvinokonzera uye migumisiro tsaukana zvakawanwa zvakabatsirwa munyika imwe European uye yekudyidzana zvakakanganisa vamwe. Saka, zviri kubuda ari US musika wacho kwakaderedza kukosha kutengeserana muMediterranean, kuti kunorwadza akundwa kumaguta Italian. It inoita basa rinokosha muMiddle Ages Republic of Venice uye kuGenoa, yakapararawo.

tengeserana New nzvimbo

Kubva maguta Italian mamiriro dzakawanda mugungwa dzaishandiswa nzvimbo vakatamira Thiruvananthapuram, Lisbon uye Antwerp. Muenzaniso uyu Dutch chiteshi kunyanya kuratidzwa. Muzana XV remakore, Antwerp yave pfungwa inokosha wokutengesa ose Chirungu jira, French uye German simbi dzemakwai. With kuwanikwa makondinendi vatsva mune chiDutch Chiteshi dzirambe vagotengeseranamo yaitonga zvinhu uye zvinonhuwirira.

Antwerp akava rainyanya kukosha mari European pamusoro. Mahofisi kwavo akazarura zvose nemabhengi achitengesa yemakambani ari Old World. Pane zvakare yakabuda kudanda exchange. Migumisiro anokosha tsaukana zvakawanwa ndiyo chitarisiko rokuparadzira ezvinhu inodiwa dzakawanda zvikwereti kutengeserana. Paiva kuchengetedzeka ano: zvisungo, zvinyorwa wevimbiso uye mugove.

Capitalism yakatsiva feudalism

Small munzvimbo Netherlands rwakakurumidza kupfuura mari yakatanga nyika muEurope. Dzavo capitalist maitiro akanga hubudirire feudal (runowanzoitika Spain nePortugal). Yokutanga umambo yaitonga vakagamuchira purofiti yakakura, asi kuvakuvadza kupedza navo zviri vakakwirira uye yamambo. Shandisa itsva zvinhu yaitonga British uye Dutch vakasununguka Entrepreneurs vakabatsira nyika yavo kuva vakapfuma uye yakabudirira zvikuru inoti dzazvino.

Columbian Exchange

In muupenyu zvavo vokuEurope migumisiro Guru Geographical Discoveries zvikuru sei nenzira yakadaro kuti muTestamende World, zvitsva vaeni zvigadzirwa: kofi, but, fodya, tomato mbatatisi, tea inonhuhwira. Zvinokambaira, zvinomera, ruzivo, uye zvetsika nebudiriro dzimwe nyika kune imwe yainzi kupanana muColumbus.

In America, semubairo iyi, kwaiva mhou, namabhiza, namakwai, gorosi, kofi, donje, nzimbe uye zvichingodaro .. Dzimwe vanotamira kune dzimwe makondinendi nokusaziva. Izvi zvinosanganisira makonzo, Colorado zvipembenene, vamwe masora. Kuedza tsanangura chii nemigumisiro Guru nenzvimbo zvakawanwa zvakakanganisa hupenyu Europe, masayendisiti akatanga idzva rokuti: ". Neophyte" Iri ndiro zita rakapiwa zvirimwa aonekwa imwe nemiti zvichikonzerwa nezvinoitwa nevanhu. Saka, zvakaipira tsaukana matongo, netafura pazasi iyo inoratidza, zvinoratidzwa siyana mabhora upenyu hwevanhu.

kutonga imwe nyika

Nokuda ichitongwa kukunda, masimba European akatanga kudzora dzakawanda dzenyika. Saka pakanga enyika itsva kuitira - wokudzora. zimukadzimu Its wokutanga aiva Spain. Kuparadza vanotyisa mamiriro pakati vaInca uye vaAztec, Zvakatora nzvimbo yayo, nokusika mune zvinhu zvavo American vanachandagwinyira tichigombedzerwa uye nhapwa basa gadziriro.

Ipapo muenzaniso Spanish semupi kumumvuri nokuda Dutch dzayaitonga mutemo, Great Britain, France nedzimwe nyika. Kunoparadzwa zvizvarwa zvemo, uye kuti vabvise ezvitendero zviduku. VokuEurope vakakunda zvose dzepasi kunze Middle East uye East Asia. Munzvimbo zvakaramba Chinese uye Japanese budiriro. Both nyika nenguva vakaedza kutora kumugwagwa isolationism nokuda hasha dzakadzidzvinyirira.

Zvinokonzera uye Migumisiro Guru Geographical Discoveries redrew enyika mepu dzenyika. Colonial umambo yakapfuurira kurarama kwemazana emakore anoverengeka. Wokupedzisira wavo akapiwa rusununguko vakakunda nyika (kunyanya mu Africa) yechipiri yezana XX remakore.