Hafu-maitiro nzira: algorithm

Vazhinji makemikari pezvakaitwa akaedzwa nokuchinja inosiyana oxidation pamusoro maatomu izvo zvinoumba reactive akakura. Kunyora equations Maitiro redox mhando kunowanzoguma dzikatadza Ndokunyengetererai coefficients pamberi nomumwe mutoo zvinhu. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, nzira vave vakava chokuita zvemagetsi kana yemagetsi-Ionic mutariri kugovera mwero. Nyaya inorondedzera yechipiri nzira vakasimudza equations.

hafu-zvakaitwa nzira, musimboti

Vaakadana Erekitironi-Ion nepakati pakugovera coefficient multipliers. Kwakavakirwa nzira kupanana zvakaipa mhosva nezvimedu pakati anions kana cations ari kuparadzwa svikiro nedzimwe ph ukoshi.

In zvinoitwa oxidative uye reductive electrolytes mhando nechokuita nezvisingafadzi ions kana zvakanaka mutariri. Equations samolecular Ion marudzi, yakavakirwa nzira maitiro hafu rinobatanidzwa, zvakajeka anoratidza musimboti upi kwacho.

Kuumba nengaidzo electrolytes vachishandisa chaiyo notation simba kubatana sezvo Ionic nezvimedu uye unzenza kubatana, uye gasi deposits muchimiro undissociated mamorekuru. The sezvamunoita anofanira kuratidza nematunhu nezvimedu izvo kushandura dhigirii avo oxidation. Kuti uone pokutaura svikiro iri pachiyero kureva acidic (H ^+), alkali (OH ^-) uye kusatsigira (H ₂ O) ezvinhu.

Nokuti chii kushandiswa?

The WRA Nzira inoendeswa hafu-maitiro equations kunyora Ionic yoga kuti oxidation uye rutapudzo kwendangariro. Kwokupedzisira Chiyero achava pakuverengwa kwavo.

Implementation nzendo

Kunyora ine yayo peculiarities hafu kuita nzira. The algorithm unotora anotevera:

- Danho rokutanga kunyora pasi zvokuimba kuti reactants zvose. Somuenzaniso:

H ₂ S + KMnO ₄ + HCl

- Zvino unofanira kuisa chinowanika kubva makemikari nemaonero, mumwe chezvinonhuwira kwacho. In ichi kuita, KMnO ₄ mabasa sezvo oxidizer, H ₂ S ari kuderedza mumiririri uye HCl rinorondedzera ane acidic ezvinhu.

- The Danho rechitatu rinyorwe itsva mutsetse inonyatsoita Ionic yeimwe kuita ane simba electrolyte zvinogona mune maatomu umo pane kuchinja inosiyana oxidation. In ichi Zvakaitwa MnO ₄ ^- mabasa somunhu oxidizing mumiririri, H ₂ S ndiye achidzikisa reagent uye H ⁺ oxonium nokuo- nga kana H ₃ O ⁺ rinotsanangura chinhu acidic ezvinhu. The gaseous, yakasimba kana simba electrolytic remubatanidzwa akaratidza node samolecular Masvomhu.

Kuziva kutanga zvinoriumba, kuedza kuona kuti oxidizing uye kuderedza mumiririri mhando uchaderedzwa uye oxidized chimiro, ukuwo. Dzimwe nguva yokupedzisira zvinhu wakatozviitirwa raanotaura ezvinhu, iyo hwezvekukurukurirana basa. Zvinotevera equations anoratidza Kuchinja H ₂ S (rehydrogen sulfide) kuna S (sarufa), uye anion MnO ₄ ^- pana MN ²⁺ nokuo- nga.

Nokuti pakuenzanisa maatomu inoramba iri kuruboshwe nezvakarurama mugove acidic ezvinhu ari akawedzera rehydrogen nokuo- nga H ⁺ kana samolecular mvura. The alkaline mhinduro Wakawedzerwa hydroxide ions OH ^- kana H ₂ O.

MnO ₄ ^- → MN ²⁺

In mhinduro ane okisijeni atomu pamwe manganatnyh ions H ⁺ chimiro mvura mamorekuru. Kuti equalize nhamba zvinhu zvakanyorwa sezvo mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: 8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- → 4h ₂ O + MN ^2+.

Zvadaro, BALANCInG chiitwe magetsi. Kuti aite izvi, funga yaipedzerwa mutariri wakasiya munharaunda, zvinoitika nomwe, uye ipapo kurudyi, migumo maviri. Yokufudza muitiro inowedzerwa pokutangira zvinhu shanu kunaka nezvimedu: 8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- + 5e ^- → 4h ₂ O + MN ^2+. Zvakaratidza hafu-kuita achapora.

Zvino equalize nhamba maatomu kuva oxidation rikurumidze. To izvi kuwedzera kurudyi rehydrogen cations: H ₂ S → 2h ^{+ +} S.

Pashure yokuenzanisa nokuchengeta rinoitwa: H ₂ S -2e ^- → 2h ^{+ +} S. It kunoonekwa kuti pokutangira yeimwe unoparadza maviri kunaka inoramba. Zvakaratidza hafu maitiro oxidation kwacho.

Kunyora equations zviviri wechikamu uye anomira chakakandirwa uye akagamuchira mhosva. Maererano nomurau kutsunga wevaduku siyana anosarudzwa nomumwe hafu-maitiro multiplier yenyu. Zvinonzi kane oxidative uye reductive mukana wokuti vanhu vanga.

Zvino zvinoita kuti vaite summation ari machira maviri, akapeta kuruboshwe uye zvakarurama mativi pamwe chete uye kuderedza zvemagetsi kwemarudzi.

8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- + 5e ^- → 4h ₂ O + MN ²⁺ | 2

H ₂ ^{S -2e - → 2h + + S} | 5

16H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5 ₂ S → 8H ₂ ^{O + 2Mn 2+ + 10 + +} 5S

The zvichiguma mukana wokuti vanhu vanga anogona kuderedza kuwanda H ⁺ 10: 6 ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5 ₂ S → 8H ₂ O + 2Mn ²⁺ + 5S.

We tarisa yakarurama pamusoro Ion nengaidzo kuburikidza Anoverenga okisijeni maatomu kuti miseve shure, izvo zvakaenzana 8. Zvinokoshawo kuti ritsigire okupedzisira mhosva, uye kutanga chikamu pachiyero: (+6) + (-2) = +4. Kana zvose machisi, makanyorwa nemazvo.

hafu-kuita nzira inoguma kuchinja kubva samolecular Ion kurekodha kuti mukana wokuti vanhu vanga. Nokuti mumwe PARTICIPLE yacho anion uye nokuo- nga chikamu vakasiya nengaidzo pakatarisana mutariri yasarudzwa Ion. Zvadaro vari zvaitambidzwa kurudyi, mu zvakaenzana. Zvino, ions zvinogona chokuita yose Morekuru.

6 ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5 ₂ S → 8H ₂ O + 2Mn ²⁺ + 5S

^{6Cl - + 2K + → 6Cl -} + 2K +

H ₂ S + KMnO ₄ + 6HCl → 8H ₂ O + 2MnCl ₂ + 5S + 2KCl.

Shandisa nzira hafu-siyana, kuti algorithm riri kunyora samolecular mukana wokuti vanhu vanga, unogona pamwe kunyora mhando zvemagetsi pachiyero.

Kutsunga oxidizing nevasori

basa kwakadaro reDare Ionic, mabhomba kana samolecular masangano vanogamuchira nhingi mhosva maerekitironi. Oxidising zvinhu vanosangana kudzorerwa muna zvavaifunga. Vane zvemagetsi drawback, izvo zvinogona nyore yazara. pezvakaitwa dzakadaro dzinosanganisira redox hafu kuita.

Havasi vose zvinhu anokwanisa batanidza maerekitironi. By simba oxidizing reagents dzinosanganisira:

• halogen Vamiririri;
• asidhi akadai nitric, sulfuric uye selenium;
• potassium permanganate, dichromate, manganatny, chromate;
• tetravalent manganese uye vatungamirire oxides;
• sirivha nendarama Ion;
• remubatanidzwa gaseous okisijeni;
• divalent oxides mhangura uye monovalent sirivha;
• kuiisa chlorine tubhokisi munyu zvinoriumba izvozvo;
• vodka youmambo;
• rehydrogen peroxide.

Kutsunga kuderedza

Kuti basa ndera Ionic, mabhomba kana samolecular nezvimedu, iyo kupa zvakaipa mutariri. In zvinoitwa yokuderedza zvinhu vanosangana oxidative mugumisiro pamusoro cleavage pamusoro maerekitironi.

Iva kwomuviri :

• Vamiririri simbi zhinji;
• tetravalent sarufa yeimwe uye rehydrogen sulfide;
• halogen acids;
• simbi, chromium, uye manganese sulfate;
• stannous chloride;
• senitrogen-tune nevasori akadai iine acid nitrous, stannous oxide, hydrazine uye amoniya;
• dzinongoitika kabhoni uye divalent oxide;
• rehydrogen Morekuru;
• phosphorous acid.

Betsero dze nzira Erekitironi-Ion

Kunyora redox maitiro, hafu-maitiro nzira rinoshandiswa kakawanda kupfuura electronic mhando mwero.

Izvi imhaka zvazvakanakira Erekitironi-Ion nzira :

1. Panguva yokunyora mukana wokuti vanhu vanga nokufunga chaiwo ions uye yeimwe kuvapo sezvo chikamu chemhinduro.
2. Haugoni pakutanga kuva mashoko pakugamuchira mukomboni, vakatsunga kwokupedzisira nezvishoma.
3. Hazvina zvakafanira mashoko pamusoro mwero oxidation nguva dzose.
4. Nokuda nzira zvinokwanisika kuziva nhamba maerekitironi munyaya hafu-maitiro sezvo kusandura ph kukosha mumushonga.
5. Pakazosvika kwakaderedza equations Ionic kwemarudzi kudzidza chinoratidza pezvakaitwa uye nemamiriro zvichiguma yeimwe.

Hafu-nezvinoita asidhi mhinduro

Pakuita Masvomhu pamwe zvakanyanya rehydrogen ions achichengeta inokosha algorithm. Nzira hafu-nezvinoita iine acid unosvikirwa ane akarekodwa vanotanga chikamu chipi kwacho. Vakabva zvainyanya chimiro equations zviri Ion kwemarudzi achiita zvaidiwa pakuenzanisa maatomu uye zvemagetsi nokuchengeta. Yoga yakanyorwa dzinotsanagura oxidative uye reductive hunhu.

Kuti vaenzanise kuti mabhomba okisijeni rutivi siyana ane zvakawandisa kuuya ayo rehydrogen cations. The uwandu H ⁺ anofanira kwakakwana kuwana samolecular mvura. Wakaronga okisijeni kushaikwa raibva H ₂ O.

Zvino akaita pakuenzanisa rehydrogen maatomu uye maerekitironi.

Itai summation pakati equations vasati uye pashure museve pamwe nokurongwa coefficients.

Kuita zvakafanana rutapudzo pamusoro ions uye mamorekuru. By kare yakanyorwa reagents vari zvachose kuwedzera asipo mukana wokuti vanhu vanga anoshanda anionic uye cationic mhuka. nhamba yavo pamberi uye pashure museve unofanira kuenzana.

Mukana wokuti vanhu vanga OVR (hafu-maitiro nzira) anonzi zvizadzike paainyora munhu rakapedzwa okuti ari samolecular kwemarudzi. Next nechimwe chazvo anofanira kuva mumwe chikonzero.

Mienzaniso acidic ezvinhu

Zvakaitwa pakati yavaibvisa nitrite pamwe chloric asidhi inotungamirira kugadzirwa yavaibvisa nitrate uye hydrochloric acid. Nokuti nokurongwa coefficients kushandisa nzira hafu-siyana, mienzaniso kunyora equations chokuita rairatidza acidic kwezvakatipoteredza.

Nano ₂ + HClO ₃ → Nano ₃ + HCl

ClO ₃ ^{- + 6 + + 6e - →} 3h ₂ O + Cl ^- | 1

NO ₂ ^- + H ₂ O ^- 2e - → NO ₃ ^{- +} 2h + | 3

ClO ₃ ^{- +} 6 + + 3h ₂ Haiwa + 3NO ₂ ^- → 3h ₂ O + Cl ^- + 3NO ₃ ^{- +} 6 +

ClO ₃ ^- + 3NO ₂ ^- → Cl ^- + 3NO ₃ ^-

^{3Na + + H + → 3Na +} + H +

3NaNO ₂ + HClO ₃ → 3NaNO ₃ + HCl.

In iyi, mumwe nitrite pamusoro yavaibvisa nitrate inotengwa, uye kubva chloric asidhi vakaumba munyu. Oxidation dhigirii kuchinja senitrogen 3 kusvika 5, uye kuiisa chlorine nokuchengeta 5 anova -1. Both zvigadzirwa regai kuumba precipitate.

Hafu-maitiro ane alkaline ezvinhu

Kuitisa Masvomhu apo zvakawandisa hydroxide ions rinoenderana Masvomhu kuti acidic zvingaitwa. Nzira hafu nezvinoita alkaline svikiro titange kutaura zvinoumba kwacho muchimiro Ionic equations. Kusiyana vakachengeta panguva kunangiswa mabhomba okisijeni. Saka, tisingabatanidzi ayo maitiro pamwe zvakawandisa samolecular kuuya mvura, uye kune rumwe rutivi appends hydroxide anions.

The coefficient pamusoro morekuru H ₂ O inoratidza kusiyana okisijeni vasati uye pashure museve, uye nokuda ions OH ^- nayo kaviri. Panguva oxidation mumiririri sevapristi kuderedza mumiririri anotora O maatomu nokuda hydroxyl anions.

Nzira hafu zvakaitwa apedza kuita matanho vasara algorithm, izvo uwirirane pezvakaitwa iyo vane nekumwisa acid. Tuso ndiyo mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ari samolecular kwemarudzi.

Mienzaniso alkaline svikiro

Kana vachisanganisa ayodhini pamwe yavaibvisa hydroxide kuumbwa yavaibvisa iodide uye iodate, nemvura mamorekuru. Nokuti nechiyero muitiro kushandisa hafu kuita nzira. Mienzaniso alkali mhinduro vane chaizvo dzavo kwakabatana equalization mabhomba okisijeni.

NaOH + Ini ₂ → Nai + NaIO ₃ + H ₂ O

I + e ^- → I ^- | 5

^{6OH - + I - 5e - →} I - + 3h ₂ Haiwa + ıO ₃ ^- | 1

I + 5 + 6OH ^- → 3h ₂ O + 5 ^- + ıO ₃ ^-

6Na ⁺ → Na ^{+ +} 5Na ⁺

6NaOH + 3I ₂ → 5NaI + NaIO ₃ + 3 ₂ O.

Mugumisiro nemapinduriro ndiyo kunyangarika ari Violet dziberekane ezvinhu ayodhini. Pane kuchinja oxidation mamiriro chinhu kubva 0 1 uye 5 kuumbika iodide uye yavaibvisa iodate.

Zvaakazoita mune kwazvakarerekera ezvinhu

Yemanyorero rinoreva pezvakaitwa kuitika hydrolysis yokuumba simba asidhi munyu (pamwe ph kukosha pakati 6 uye 7) kana zvishoma zvinokosha (kuti ph 7 kusvika 8) mhinduro.

hafu nzira maitiro ari kwazvakarerekera svikiro chakanyorwa mushanduro dzakawanda.

In nzira yokutanga hakuiti kufungawo munyu hydrolysis. Svikiro iri kutorwa kusatsigira nokuruboshwe museve kupona mvura samolecular. In musimboti ichi, nehafu-siyana kutora acid, uye mumwe - nokuti alkaline.

nzira yechipiri akakodzera pezvakaitwa umo zvinokwanisika kusimbisa anofungidzirwa ph ukoshi. Ipapo zvakaitwa kuti nzira Ion-Erekitironi aionekwa munzvimbo alkaline kana acidic mhinduro.

MUENZANISO kwazvakarerekera svikiro

Kana rehydrogen sulfide remubatanidzwa pamwe yavaibvisa dichromate mumvura inotengwa precipitate sarufa, yavaibvisa uye trivalent chromium hydroxide. Ichi randinenge rudaviro nokuda kwazvakarerekera mhinduro.

Na ₂ Kr ₂ O ₇ + H ₂ S + H2O → NaOH + S + Kr (OH) ₃

H ₂ ^{S - 2e - → S + H} + | 3

7 ₂ O + Kr ₂ Haiwa ₇ ^{2- + 6e - → 8OH - +} 2Cr (OH) ₃ | 1

7 ₂ O + 3h ₂ S + Kr ₂ O ₇ ^{2- → 3h + + 3S + 2Cr} (OH) ₃ + 8OH ^-. Rehydrogen cations uye hydroxide anions kana zvabatanidzwa, aumbe 6 mamorekuru mvura. Vanogona kubviswa muna kurudyi nekuruboshwe, tichisiya zvakawandisa kune museve.

H ₂ O + 3h ₂ S + Kr ₂ O ₇ ^2- → 3S + 2Cr (OH) ₃ + 2OH ^-

2Na ⁺ → 2Na ⁺

Na ₂ Kr ₂ O ₇ + 3 ₂ S + H ₂ Haiwa → 2NaOH + 3S + 2Cr ( OH) ₃

Panoperera zvakaitwa munhu precipitate pakati chromium hydroxide mavara ebhuruu yellow nesarufa alkaline mhinduro pamwe yavaibvisa hydroxide. The oxidative nesimba chinhu S rinova -2 kuti 0, uye mhosva chromium +6 vatendeukira 3.