Colonial umambo: zvakasikwa uye mudziyo

The tanga yaitonga umambo yakabuda munzvimbo XVI remakore, kana Europe vakapinda nguva huru nenzvimbo matongo. Kare, kuwedzera ose kusvikira ndisingazikanwi nyika vakatanga Spanish uye Portuguese. mamiriro avo akavaka dzenhoroondo dzayaitonga umambo.

Spain

Muna 1492, Hristofor Kolumb yakawanikwa zviwi vanoverengeka muGungwa muCaribbean. Pasina nguva zvakava pachena kuti kumavirira vokuEurope havasi kumirira mishoma scraps nyika, asi mumwe isingazivikanwi nyika yose. Saka akatanga kusikwa yaitonga umambo.

Columbus aiedza kuvhura haisi America, uye India, izvo akaenda nomurindi kunosora kunze nzira vaigona kuva chinja inonhuhwira zvokutengeserana, uye mamwe nemamwe zvinogadzirwa kumabvazuva. Navigator vaishandira mambo Aragon uye mambokadzi Castile. Marriage izvi madzimambo maviri akabvumira vabatane dzakavakidzana kuSpain. Mugore iroro kuti Columbus yakawanikwa America, umambo itsva adzikinura kubva vechiMuslim kumaodzanyemba muruwa Granada. Saka akagumisa Reconquista - emakore basa wokunatswa Iberian Peninsula kubva pasimba vaMuslim.

kwakavakirwa izvi zvainge pakuonekwa Spanish dzayaitonga umambo. Misha First European akazviratidza pazvitsuwa muCaribbean: Hispaniola (Haiti), Puerto Rico uye Cuba. The Spanish dzayaitonga umambo uye nheyo nyuchi wokutanga pazuva American yakaoma. Rakava muna 1510 ari Panamanian nhare ane zita yakaoma Santa María the Antigua Del Darién. Fort akaisa aiongorora Vasco Núñez of Balboa. Iye kutanga vokuEurope vakayambuka Isthmus of Panama uye raiva Pacific egungwa.

zvemukati mudziyo

Mudziyo ichitongwa umambo nani nezvemuenzaniso Spain, sezvo nyika wokutanga vakasvika mirairo, izvo panguva iyoyo mukanyiwa kupararira dzimwe umambo. Zvakangotanga akatanga nechirevo 1520, maererano izvo zvose, pasina chaakasiya nyika ngaizaruke kuzivikanwa sezvo enzvimbo Crown.

Social uye zviri pamutemo mudziyo rakavakwa maererano zvatinosiita vokuEurope feudal akanyatsorongwa. Center ichitongwa umambo akapa Spanish kugara munyika zvichiwedzera mhuri pfuma. The chizvarwa Indian vakawanda vakava ndezvokungotevedzera vavakidzani itsva. Panguva iyoyo ndiye kuziva mutengo kuti zvizvarwa zvemo havana pamutemo kuzivikanwa sevaranda. Ichi chinhu chinokosha, izvo zvinotibatsira kunzwisisa kusiyana Spanish dzayaitonga rezvitendero Portugal.

Misha American isiri Lisbon, uranda aiva mukuru. Raiva muchiPutukezi akasika zvokufambisa hurongwa zvakachipa basa kubva Africa South America. Panyaya Spain, kwakavakirwa kutsamira pane Indian peonage - chikwereti.

Features Viceroyalty

Nhaka umambo mu America vakanga vakakamurwa kuva Viceroyalty. Yokutanga dzinotevedzana yavo 1534 vakava New Spain. Raisanganisira West Indies, Mexico uye Central America. Muna 1544 Peru hwagadzwa, izvo zvinosanganisira haangogoni Peru, asiwo Chile panguva. Muzana XVIII remakore paiva New Granada (Ecuador, Venezuela uye Colombia) uye La Plata (Uruguay, Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay). Nepo Portuguese dzayaitonga umambo dzinodzorwa mu America chete Brazil, zvinhu Spanish Munyika Itsva vaiva Unorudzi zvikuru hombe.

Mukuru simba pamusoro mapoka vapiwe mumwe mambo. Muna 1503, zvakatanga nokuda Chamber of Commerce, iro rinotungamirirwa maererano nezvakatongwa, yehurumende uye ekufambisa miviri mumunda. Nokukurumidza akashandura zita rayo uye akava mukuru Royal Council nokuda Indies. muviri ichi iripo kusvikira 1834. The Council akatungamirira Church, aitarisira zvinokosha dzayaitonga kugadzwa vakuru uye mamaneja, rinotema.

Vabati namambo vaiva viceroys. Chinzvimbo ichi yakatarwa kwenguva 4 6 makore. Uyewo, kwaiva pambiru General Captains. Vakarayira vakasiyana nyika uye mundima chinzvimbo chinokosha. Mumwe viceroyalty yakakamurwa kuva matunhu, dzakanga rinotungamirirwa magavhuna. All yaitonga umambo hwenyika vakasikwa nokuda purofiti. Ndokusaka kukoshesa nemagavhuna vaiva nenguva uye zvakakwana nefuma emari muchivigiro.

Separate niche inogarwa nekereke. Iye vakaimba kwete chete ezvitendero, asi kutonga mabasa. Muzana XVI remakore pedare Mutsvene dare rechechi. Dzimwe nguva yayo Zviito zvakatungamirira chinotyisa ichi pamusoro runodiwa. The huru yakapamba umambo aiva mumwe mbiru anokosha - muguta. Munzvimbo idzi mune Spanish nyaya, paiva mhando kuzvitonga hurongwa. Veko vakaumba cabildo - zano. ivo vaiva nekodzero vasanangurwa vamwe vakuru vakuru. In America, paiva makanzuru zvakadai pamusoro 250.

The kupfuura vanoshingaira rukoko ichitongwa vanhu raiva landlords uye maindasitiri. Kwenguva refu, vakanga vari mumamiriro wenhando zvichienzaniswa mukuru akaberekerwa Spanish vakakwirira. Asi nemhaka makirasi aya nyuchi akakura, uye upfumi hwavo zvisingabatsiri. Zvakakosha kuziva mumwe chinonakidza. Kunyange zvazvo Spanish akanga ubiquitous ari XVIII remakore, zvakatanga chirongwa disintegration chavagari kupinda vakaparadzana nemarudzi kuti rinotevera remakore akavaka yavo mamiriro kuSouth uye Central America.

Portugal

Portugal yakabuda sezvo umambo diki, mativi ose takapoteredzwa Spanish pfuma. nzvimbo yomugariro kwakadaro kunyima nyika duku mukana rokuwedzera mu Europe. Pane the Old World ari mamiriro akaputira achifunga mumwe.

Panoperera kuMiddle Ages Portuguese vafambisi vengarava vakanga pakati zvakanakisisa muEurope. Kufanana Spanish, vakaedza kusvika India. Asi kana zvose zvakafanana Columbus wakaiswa kunotsvaka chete kuchiva nyika mune chokwadi westerly nhungamiro, chiPutukezi vakakanda mauto avo ose kuti of circumnavigate Africa. Bartolomeu Dias vawana Cape of Good Hope - the Kumaodzanyemba pfungwa yacho Black Continent. Zvino rwendo Vasco Da wegamma 1497-1499 gg. azosvika India.

Muna 1500, Portuguese aidzidzisa Pedro Cabral mugwara kumabvazuva uye netsaona vawana Brazil. In Lisbon, pakarepo yakazivisa bhidha rake vaeni pamberi penyika. Nokukurumidza mu South America vakatanga kuonekwa wokutanga Portuguese kugarwa, uye pakupedzisira Brazil akava chete chiPutukezi kunyika kuAmerica.

Oriental buri

Pasinei nokufambira mberi mune kumavirira chinangwa chikuru kuvafambisi vengarava akaramba kumabvazuva. The Portuguese dzayaitonga umambo yabudirira iri munzvimbo inokosha mberi. Vanotsvakurudza Its wawanikwa Madagascar uye yakarova Sea muArabhiya. Muna 1506 akanga akabatwa pachitsuwa Socotra. Panguva iyo muchiPutukezi pakutanga akashanyira kuCeylon. Paiva mutevedzeri umambo India. Under Kutarisira ake akanga zvose Eastern mapoka munyika. Wokutanga Musoro Viceroy akanga Admiral Francisco de Almeida.

The umhare yechiPutukezi uye Spanish dzayaitonga umambo aiva administrative zvakafanana. Vose vaiva mutevedzeri-umambo, uye vose akazviratidza panguva apo huru nyika yakanga ichiri yakakamurwa pakati vokuEurope. kushorwa Local zvose kumabvazuva nokumavirira nyore kukurirwa. mumaoko pakati vokuEurope vakaridza zvavo hwokugadzira ukuru pamusoro dzimwe dzomunyika.

At pakutanga XVI remakore Portuguese akatora zvinokosha zviteshi uye nzvimbo kumabvazuva: Calicut, Goa, chichienda kuMalacca. Muna 1517, kuti asimbise kutengeserana ukama China kure. About China misika akarota mumwe yaitonga umambo. History (Grade 7) muchikoro zvakadzama pamusoro nyaya iri Great Geographical Discoveries uye European kuwedzera munyika yose. Izvi hazvishamisi, nokuti pasina kunzwisisa azvaiitwa kwakaoma kunzwisisa sei vamwe ano. Somuenzaniso, nhasi, Brazil zvaisamboita kunge zvakadaro, sezvo tinozviziva, kana kwete mutauro Portuguese uye tsika. Uyewo, Lisbon vafambisi pakutanga pakati vokuEurope akazarura nzira kuJapan. Munguva 1570s Vakatanga Colonisation kuAngola. In kwayo ichatonga zvine mbiri hwomuPortugal hwakanga nhare dzakawanda kuSouth America, Africa, India uye kuSoutheast Asia.

Business Empire

Chii akasika chinhu yaitonga umambo? VokuEurope makasimbisa kudzora nyika mune dzimwe nyika kuti pakushungurudzwa kwevanhu uye zviwanikwa. Kunyanya kufarira kwavo yakasiyana kana zvisingawanzoitiki zvinhu: inonhuhwira, nesimbi dzinokosha, isingawanzowanikwi mhando miti uye dzimwe zvomutambarakede ose. Somuenzaniso, America kwakaita vakawanda aina kofi, shuga, fodya, but uye indigo.

zvinhu ake akanga basa iri zvekutepfenyura Asian. Pano, vaitungamirira simba nenguva vakava UK. The British akasimbisa zvinotevera kuparadzirwa hurongwa: vakanga vachitengesa kuIndia jira, zvakafanana kutenga chinodhaka, izvo aivigirwa kuna China. zvakaenda zvose izvi akapa yokukurumidza kwayo nguva mari. Panguva iyoyo kubva Asian munyika Europe aivigirwa tii. Mumwe nzvimbo yaitonga umambo akatsvaka vagadze anotambura pamisika nyika. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, kwakanga hondo dzose. The zvakawanda Nyika chakashandisirwa uye vazhinji ngarava rire nyanza, kakawanda kurwisana kwakadaro kwakatanga.

Dzaiva "mafekitari" nokuda pagadzirwe kokupata basa. Sezvo richishandiswa vanhu vemo (kunyanya vakaberekerwa vana Africa). Uranda hwakanga bhizimisi, uye translanticheskaya muranda nheyo upfumi yaitonga umambo. Zviuru vagari Congo uye West Africa vakanga nechisimba zvifambiswe kuna Brazil, kumaodzanyemba US ano uye Caribbean.

Kuwedzera European yebudiriro

Chero yaitonga umambo kwaibva Geo-inokosha zvido nyika dzokuEurope. Hwaro idzodzo aya akasimba pfungwa dzakasiyana dzepasi. The zvakawanda kumahombekombe nhepfenyuro akazviratidza Empire, saka zvakanga zvava mauto Mobile zvombo. Engine kuEurope kuwedzera munyika yose yakanga yakawiriranwa tsere. Nyika dzakarwa mumwe nokuda kudzora dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana kwevanhu yokutama kufamba fleets nemauto.

Ose yaitonga umambo akaita maererano nezvavanofunga mukurumbira. Chero kungobvumirawo kuti muvengi nenzira yakasiyana venyika wakaonekwa sechiratidzo kuderera geopolitical kukosha. Munguva dzazvino, vanhu monarchical simba yakanga ichiri chokuita echitendero maonero vemo. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, zvose zvakafanana Spanish uye Portuguese dzayaitonga umambo vakaona kuwedzera kwavo Mwari zvinofadza nyaya uye kwaenzaniswa kuti uMesiasi yechiKristu.

Zvakanga kwakapararira mitauro uye civilizational mberi. Kuparadzira tsika dzavo, mumwe umambo kusimbisa ayo Mvumo uye kutendeseka mune dzakawanda munhandare. Its kupfuura chinokosha waishanda basa roumishinari. Spanish uye Portuguese kupararira yeRoma yose America. Chitendero akaramba enyika anokosha chokushandisa. Kuita rakapararira netsika, ivo colonists kanganisa kodzero omunzvimbo zvemo, kunyimwa mutauro uye kutenda kwavo chizvarwa. Kubva tsika iyi pashure akaberekwa mananara akadai panguva iyoyo, rusaruraganda uye kwevanhu.

United Kingdom

Maererano nenhau dzakaitika, kuti Spain nePortugal, wokutanga dzayaitonga umambo (giredhi 7th pachikoro zvakadzama kujairana navo), asingagoni kuchengeta muchanza mune hondo pamwe nemamwe masimba European. Kare, vamwe pamusoro wayo nepagungwa kutaura, akati England. Kana vokuSpain aishingaira nyuchi South uye Central America, Britain akatora pamusoro North. The kunetsana pakati penyika mbiri rakamuka mumwe chikonzero. Spain ave rakagara richidudzirwa zvakurukurwa huru mudziviriri dzeRoma, apo ari XVI remakore muEngland maiva rwekutendeuka, uye azviratidza yakazvimirira yeChechi yeRoma.

Around imwe nguva pakati penyika mbiri vakatanga hondo wengarava. Masimba havana kuita nemaoko avo pachavo uye tichibatsirwa Pirates uye privateers. Chirungu Pirates ano vava chiratidzo munguva yayo. Vakapamba uploaded US ndarama Spanish galleons, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange akabatwa munzvimbo. Open hondo vakazunza Old World muna 1588, apo Chirungu rengarava akaparadza armáda. Spain wapinda munguva nguva refu dambudziko. Zvishoma nezvishoma, iye pakupedzisira akapa nzira kuna Chirungu, uye gare gare British Empire hutungamiri 's mu yaitonga munhangemutange.

Netherlands

In yokutanga yezana XVII remakore, paiva neimwe chikuru dzayaitonga umambo, yakavakwa ne Netherlands. Raisanganisira ndima Indonesia, Guyana, India. Dutch aiva mazhinji namagwatidziro Formosa (Taiwan) uye kuCeylon. The chikuru mupikisi kweNetherlands kwaiva United Kingdom. Muna 1770-ies. Dutch ceded nokuda British dzaidzorwa muNorth America. Mumwe wavo aiva guru remangwana New York. Muna 1802, sezvo akaratidza Kutamiswa kuCeylon uye Cape Colony muSouth Africa.

Zvishoma nezvishoma, chikuru nhaka Netherlands kune dzimwe nyika vakatanga Indonesia. On Ndima yayo akaita Dutch East India Company. Iye nhumbi dzinokosha vokumabvazuva zvinhu: sirivha, tii, mhangura, donje, Textiles, Ceramics, nesirika, chinodhaka nezvinonhuhwira. Ichatonga zvine mbiri yaitonga umambo Netherlands munhu anotambura mumisika zvePacific uye Indian Ocean. Nokuti zvakafanana kutengeserana America Dutch West India Company rakaumbwa. Zvose makambani vakanga wabviswa panguva pakuguma XVIII remakore. Panyaya yose yaitonga umambo kweNetherlands, chinhu chomunguva yakapfuura iri XX remakore, pamwechete umambo pamusoro vakwikwidzi European.

France

Kutanga French dzayaitonga umambo wakaradzikwa muna 1535, apo Zhak Karte Akaongorora St. Lawrence River mu vemazuva ano Canada. Muzana XVI remakore Bourbon umambo akanga kupfuura ano uye inobudirira panguva upfumi mu Europe. Nokuti kukura kwayo uye mberi Portugal uye Spain. The French akatanga nyuchi nyika itsva mumakore 70 pamberi British. Paris aigona kuvimba mamiriro mikuru guru munyika.

Asi France akanga asingakwanisi tinyatsobatsirwa kwadzo. Iye chaitadzisa womukati kusagadzikana, murombo zvokutengeserana kwezvivako, uyewo zvikanganiso zviri pasi Resettlement negwaro. Somugumisiro, mune XVIII remakore pakutanga zvakanga Britain, uye France yakanga yechipiri kuedzesera yaitonga munhangemutange. Kunyange zvakadaro, akaramba kuva huru kundima munyika.

Hondo Yemakore Seven 'muna 1763, France akarasikirwa Canada. In North America, nyika ichiripo Louisiana. Yaitengeswa 1803 neUnited States. Muzana XIX remakore France rinotarisa zvakawanda pamusoro Dark Continent. Iye akakunda nzvimbo akakura West Africa, uyewo Algeria, Morocco uye Tunisia. France Papera midzi kuSoutheast Asia. idzi dzose yawana kwavo rusununguko muna XX remakore.