Kukosha uye siyana amphibians zvakasikwa

Kusiyana amphibians, avo kukosha zvakasikwa uye vanhu, kunyanya mhuka - zvose izvi uchadzidza nokuverenga nyaya. Amphibians anonziwo amphibians. Neakatanga anenge mamiriyoni 350 apfuura kubva hove-kufanana madzitateguru muna Upper Devonian. Nepo marshes vashoma vane ferns pamahombekombe, vaiva yerenje, uye inopa dzakanakira dzinogarisana wavo kukura mhuka nyika yokutanga, haana kuziva sei kuchengetedza hunyoro mumuviri.

The amphibians yokutanga

Hazvina hwodoonekereswa zvose kusiyana ano amphibians. Photos yemhuka yekare, zvinosuwisa, kwete. Ivo votsvaka anoyevedza chaizvo. Paleontologicheskii zvinhu zvinoratidza kuti amphibians wokutanga dzakafanana hofori salamanders ane elongated musoro nomuswe yakatanga zvakanaka. mhuka idzi, izvo zvasvika vanopfuura 1 mamita pakureba, akatamira zvishoma nezvishoma uye zveufende, zvakaoma zvinokambaira kubva dura kune mumwe. The Carboniferous inowanikwa yakati kusiyana chikuru amphibians. Asi vose vakanga ndakagara, vanenge pasina kusangana hapana makwikwi dzimwe mhuka sezvokudya zvakanga zvakakwana.

kwadzakabva matambudziko

Siyana kuitika uye kukosha amphibians yakatanga mukufamba kwenguva shanduka. Kuchinja kubva hwemvura kusvikira pano kuvapo zvakasikwa zvakawanda nematambudziko mhuka idzi. Amphibians Zvakatora mamiriyoni makore zvinyatsobuda zvakakodzera adaptations. Kutaura zvazviri, kusiyana amphibians kunoratidzwa chokuti mhuka idzi havana kukwanisa zvakazara kuchinjira achityisa ezvinhu ose pano dzinogarisana uye kuramba vanoda vari hwemvura zvakatipoteredza kubereka. Nokuti sangano iri amphibians nani kumhuka lightweight marangwanda uye simba tsandanyama, kukunda simba regiravhiti. Mbabvu vokutanga amphibians vakanga pfupi, hombe uye zvikuru munzvimbo dzokuzororera dzaiva, kunyange zvazvo yaiva shanu-neminwe. Kufema amphibians vaishandisa mapatya mhepo mabhegi, kana nemapapu.

amphibians ano

Vazhinji huripo kare mapoka amphibians akapona matatu chete makambani: Anura (matatya uye toads), Urodela (newts uye salamanders) uye Apoda (caecilians - elongated bofu burrowing siyana). Matatya uye toads anopfuura 2,500 marudzi. Kusiyana amphibians enzvimbo Anura, kunge dzakashandisa upenyu kwete chete pedyo nemvura miviri, asiwo achitsva mumasango, steppes uye kunyange mumarenje.

Zvinoitwa matatya uye toads

Vanhuwo chinoratidza zvose matatya uye toads - kukura munhu metamorphosis rakakwana (metamorphosis). Vose vane Vocal midziyo, asi yaanozadzisa kukura zvizere chete varume avo emit unodanidzira, zvinobatanidza vanhukadzi vari kuberekesana mwaka kana apo achitya. Mamirire croaking rinonzwika yakabereka kuburikidza vibrations of pahuro zvinokonzera - aiwanzopiwa wokushanda mucosal mipendero yacho dokeriro. Air inopfuura kuti mapapu panguva femero ndiEzekieri kubva mumapapu kusvika Vocal mabhegi yaiva pasi nomumukanwa mhango. Anenge zvose matatya uye toads mwero chitubu mapazi rwunotumirwa mvura. Ivo kusarudza kutsvakwa mirayiridzo, achitungamirirwa mumasero anokosha muvamwe - osmoreceptors muNzvimbo nemumuromo mhango. For isingazivikanwi zvikonzero, chinoyevedza nokuti amphibians vari chete madziva shoma, uye maari panguva maberekero mwaka iri kuenda-siyana zvikuru matatya uye toads. Vanhurume kazhinji svika wokutanga uye mudane vakadzi muchato anochema.

Ganda amphibians

Larval zvokukura matatya, toads, newts uye salamanders fema mumvura gills rokunze Kunyangarika panguva metamorphosis. Adult matatya anogona kufema munzira nhatu. At dzakakwirira kwevari yebasa anoteererwa, izvi nyore uye kunanzvana mhango, uye panguva kuhwanda - ganda pemvura. Mhepo mwando ganda zvinotsigirwa kusunungura madzihwa mumasero. The ganda uye hwenyoka mumasero dziri, ari kunyanya yakatanga zvakanaka achitsva matatya ari genera Dendrobates uye Phyllobates. Dzavo simba uturu miseve akazorwa South American maIndia, izvo aivhima shiri tsoko.

uturu amphibians vakawanda zvakajeka mavara, iyo inoshanda senyevero nezvikara. Kwakapararira amphibian uye kamafurashi coloring. Inowanikwa mumasero ganda ruvara (3 Marudzi), mumwe thickening kana muchiaparadzira ruvara rwacho chikonzero ruvara shanduko.

Newts uye salamanders

Newts uye salamanders (mumwe wavo anonzi pamusoro) iri shoma vakatsauka kubva pakutanga mhando mamiriro amphibians. Maererano chimiro muviri salamanders akafanana madzvinyu. Vane musoro zvakajeka. mhuka Adult uye mazana akanyatsojeka akafanana mumwe, uye kwakakwana metamorphosis hunhu matatya uye toads, salamanders hadzina kuitika. 8 mhuri anozivikanwa akadanidzira vanenge 225 marudzi. Kufanana matatya uye toads, vanowanzoita dzinoberekera mvura. Pakusangana kwemhuka idzi dzakawanda. Munhurume anosunungura munhu spermatophore, iyo inobudisa hadzi cloaca. Tailed Most mazai.

Kuberekesana maitiro newts uye salamanders

Munguva rutoto mwaka nenhongo newts kuwana rakajeka ruvara, iro inoita basa rinokosha muupenyu hwavo muchato kuzvishandisa mukudanana. Nokuti vamwe salamanders mamirire neoteny - apo vanhu vakura vane hwokufananidzira zvaiva larval sangano: .. External gills, läpinäkyvä slabopigmentirovannuyu ganda, etc. Somugumisiro pedogenesis mhuka anova zvepabonde akura ari larval danho. Muenzaniso uyu mhando unoratidzwa mufananidzo pamusoro axolotl (dukutu Ambystoma mexicanum).

caecilians

Caecilians - duku uye muduku vakadzidza boka amphibians. Vakawanda vavo vari kuchera mararamiro. Makumbo yemhuka idzi zvinowanikwa. An dzinonakidza chinoratidza chinyakare caecilians ndiko kuchengeta chikero paganda. Meso vari ipfupi kwazvo, uye basa ravo riri pamwe ne chinokosha tactile tentacles izvo mhuka kuchinja sangano pachivande. Nani pane dzimwe kuvazivisa kuCeylon ichthyophiidae (Ichthyophis glutinosus), kutanga akarondedzera mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19. Photo kumubudisa kumusoro.

South American caecilians - chaiwo mumiriri legless amphibians. Iye ibofu, mupenyu pevhu, uye zvimwe Anodya nehonye. Miti iyi vakagovera chete subtropical uye dzinopisa kumatunhu. South American caecilians incubates masonry kwayo. Animal inosvika masendimita 50 pakureba.

Saka, isu anozotsanangura nepaduku kusiyana amphibians. Basa amphibians zvakasikwa uye upenyu hwevanhu - ndechimwe dzinonakidza musoro. We anoratidza kuti ukaverenga pamusoro nei mhuka idzi dzinokosha chaizvo.

zvichireva amphibians

Pakawanda, zvinobatsira kuti munhu zvose kusiyana amphibians. mutengo wavo chaizvo kunyanya nekuti vanodya mhando dzakawanda inokuvadza invertebrates (zvipembenene dzavo mazana, kusanganisira umhutu, dzemugungwa, etc ..). Izvi uye zvimwe invertebrates kukuvadza masango uye zvirimwa. Mukuwedzera, vanogona kuva vatakuri zvirwere zvipfuwo kana vanhu.

Kuramba kutsanangura siyana uye kukosha amphibians, tinoona kuti zvokudya zvinhu zviri pano amphibians sevanonyanya siyana pane avo vari hwemvura mararamiro. Per zuva Paavhareji mishonga datya anodya 6 invertebrates zvinokuvadza vanhu. Kana nhamba amphibians idzi vanhu 100 pa 1 ha, vanogona kuparadza vanopfuura zviuru 100 tupukanana muzhizha basa. amphibians kazhinji kudya invertebrates kuti vane risingafadzi kunaka kana kwakanaka. Amphibians anovhima usiku uye mumadekwana. chinobatsira basa ravo, asi, vose zvavo, zviri pasi, kubva chete mune nzvimbo shoma vanozadzika yakakwana nhamba. Tadpoles, mazai uye vakuru vane amphibian mhando, zvichiita kuti chikuru mvura nzira youpenyu ndivo zvokudya hove dzakawanda zvokutengeserana, herons, duck uye dzimwe shiri. Amphibians uyewo vanoumba chinokosha chikamu zvokudya dzinoverengeka mhuka inobereka mbava-(polecat, mink, etc.) Muzhizha. A otters nematatya kudya muchando.

Mune dzimwe nzvimbo (America, Southeast Asia, Italy, France), vamwe amphibians (matatya, salamanders) vanhu vanoshandisa zvokudya. MuUnited States, somuenzaniso, kune purazi, iyo akaberekwa ari datya-nzombe (mufananidzo uri pamusoro apa). makumbo hadzi chete yarova pamusika, uye nezvitunha vanopiwa kuti zvipfuwo. Nokufamba kwenguva yake muUkraine inobatanidzwawo mu kucheka uswa matatya. Vari akaberekwa nokuda ekisipoti kuna anezvimiti uye estuaries of Danube. Zvisinei, nhamba yavo akaramba nokukurumidza, uye kugadzirwa wavo rikaguma.

In wakasvinura latitudes, nhamba amphibians iri diki, saka unofanira kuvadzivirira. Kusiyana amphibians vavo kudzivirira - kiyi yacho zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza nomwero.